Editing 1745 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[War of the Austrian Succession]]: The [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian]] Army, under the command of Field Marshal [[Károly József Batthyány]], makes a surprise attack at [[Amberg]] and the winter quarters of the [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavarian Army]], and scatters the Bavarian defending troops, then captures the Bavarian capital at [[Munich]]<ref>"War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)", in ''Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts'', ed. by Spencer C. Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2015) p214</ref>
* [[January 8]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Warsaw (1745)|Quadruple Alliance treaty]] is signed at [[Warsaw]] by Great Britain, Austria, the Dutch Republic and the Duchy of Saxony.<ref>"Treaty of Quadruple Alliance", ''International Military Alliances, 1648-2008'', ed. by Douglas M. Gibler (Congressional Quarterly Press, Oct 15, 2008) p94</ref>
* [[January 20]] &ndash; Less than two weeks after the disastrous Battle of Amberg leaves Bavaria undefended, the electorate's ruler (and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]) [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Karl VII Albrecht]] dies from gout at the age of 47, leaving the [[duchy]] without an adult to lead it. His 17-year-old son, [[Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian III Joseph]], signs terms of surrender in April.
* [[February 22]] &ndash; The ruling white colonial government on the island of [[Jamaica]] foils a conspiracy by about 900 black slaves, who had been plotting to seize control and to massacre the white residents.<ref>William Reed, ''The History of Sugar and Sugar-yielding Plants'' (Longmans, Green, and Co., 1866) p50</ref>
* [[February 23]] &ndash; The royal wedding of the Crown Prince of France takes place at [[Versailles]]; [[Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV)|the Dauphin Louis Ferdiand]], eldest son of [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]], is united in marriage to Princess [[Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain]], daughter of [[Philip V of Spain|King Felipe V]].<ref>Marion F. Godfroy, ''Kourou and the Struggle for a French America'' (Springer, 2015) p193</ref>  The Dauphin never takes the throne, dying in 1765, eight years before the death of his father.
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Pierre Bouguer]] appears before the French Academy of Sciences to deliver his report of the data gathered in the [[French Geodesic Mission]], including the first precise measurement of the Earth's circumference.<ref>Larrie D. Ferreiro, ''Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World'' (Basic Books, 2011) p253</ref>  His determination that the circumference is {{convert|24854.85|mi}} and that the distance from the pole to equator is roughly {{convert|6214|mi}} eventually leads to the Academy's calculation of the [[metre]] and the metric system.
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III]], the [[King of Poland]] and [[Elector of Saxony]], declares his candidacy to become the next [[Holy Roman Emperor]], but loses in September to [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis, Duke of Tuscany]].<ref name=Fragile>Maureen Cassidy-Geiger, ''Fragile Diplomacy'' (Yale University Press, 2007) p66-74</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; (March 24, old style); Under the command of British Army General [[William Pepperrell]], the first 4,300 American colonists in the [[Continental Army#Origins|New England Army]] depart [[Boston]] to liberate the French North American colony of [[Nova Scotia]]. The flotilla of 80 military transports and 18 armed escorts is scattered by a storm, but the first troops disembark at [[Canso, Nova Scotia]], on April 15 and begin training while waiting for the arrival of the [[Royal Navy]] squadron commanded by [[Peter Warren (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral Peter Warren]]<ref name=AMHTucker>Spencer Tucker, ''Almanac of American Military History'' (ABC-CLIO, 2013) p137</ref>
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[War of the Austrian Succession]] &ndash; [[Battle of Pfaffenhofen]]: The Austrian Army drives the French Army out of [[Bavaria]], forcing the Electorate of Bavaria to withdraw from the war.
* [[April 22]] &ndash; Having recently turned 18, Bavaria's ruler [[Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian III]] agrees to sign the [[Treaty of Füssen]] with [[Austria]], withdrawing Bavaria from further participation in the [[War of the Austrian Succession]], and agreeing to support Austria's candidate for the next [[Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref>"War of the Austrian Succession (1740—1748)" in ''Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts'', by Spencer C. Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2015) p214</ref>
* [[April 29]] &ndash; The heavily-armed [[French Navy]] [[frigate]] [[French ship Renommée|Renommée]] approaches the French colony of Nova Scotia, after having been dispatched to warn French forces at [[Louisbourg]] of the impending attack by British American forces. However, the Massachusetts privateer [[Battle at Port-la-Joye#Battle|HMS ''Shirley Galley'']], commanded by John Rous, attacks the ''Renommée'' and forces it to sail away. The command at Louisbourg is not warned of the impending attack <ref name=AMHTucker/>
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[War of the Austrian Succession]] &ndash; [[Battle of Fontenoy]]: French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army, including [[42nd Regiment of Foot|the 42nd Regiment of Foot]], also known as [[Black Watch]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology310311">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/310|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/310 310–311]}}</ref><ref>"42nd Royal Highland Regiment". British Empire. Retrieved 23 January 2025.</ref>
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Battle of Hohenfriedberg]]: In the battle that earned him the descriptor of "[[Frederick the Great]]", King Frederick II of Prussia decisively defeats the Austrian and Saxon armies, effectively ending the [[Second Silesian War]].
* [[June 16]] &ndash; [[King George's War]]: The British capture [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[North America]] from the French.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology310311"/>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[War of the Austrian Succession]] &ndash; [[Battle of Melle]]:   The French are victorious in an engagement against the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713|Pragmatic Allies]].
* [[July 15]] &ndash; French army occupies Ghent after [[Fall of Ghent]]
* [[August 6]]  (July 26 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; The first recorded [[History of women's cricket|women's cricket]] match takes place in [[Surrey]], England.<ref name=CBH217218>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=217–218|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[August 19]] &ndash; The [[Jacobite rising of 1745]] begins at [[Glenfinnan]], Scotland, where [[Charles Edward Stuart]] raises his standard.
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[Catherine the Great]] marries [[Peter III of Russia]], in [[Saint Petersburg]].
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Jacobite rising of 1745]]: Jacobites enter [[Edinburgh]]; six days later, Charles Edward Stuart proclaims his father [[James Francis Edward Stuart]], as James VIII of Scotland.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology310311"/>
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], the Grand Duke of Tuscany, is elected [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by the nine [[prince-elector]]s of the Empire (from Bavaria, Bohemia, Brandenburg, Cologne, Hanover, Mainz, the Palatinate, Saxony, and Trier) with the support of his wife, [[Maria Theresa]]. He is the successor of [[Charles VII Albert]] of [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]], an enemy of the [[House of Habsburg]], who died on [[January 20]] of this year.
* [[September 14]] &ndash; [[Madame de Pompadour]] is officially presented, at the court of [[Louis XV of France]].
* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[Jacobite rising of 1745]] &ndash; "Canter of Coltbrigg": The British 13th and 14th Dragoons flee the Jacobites, near Edinburgh.
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Battle of Prestonpans]]: British Government forces are defeated by the Jacobites in Scotland.
* [[September 30]] &ndash;  In [[Battle of Soor]] Prussian army wins over Austrian and Saxons armies.

=== October &ndash;December ===
* [[October 4]] &ndash; Francis is crowned as the new Holy Roman Emperor <ref>"War of Austrian Succession", in ''Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History'', ed. by David T. Zabecki (ABC-CLIO, 2014) p1371</ref>
* [[October 8]] &ndash; The Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia]] agrees to provide the [[Electorate of Saxony]] aid in its war against [[Prussia]], but the agreement comes too late <ref name=Fragile/>
* [[October 11]] &ndash; At [[Koszalin|Köslin]] (now Koszalin in Poland) Prussian scientist [[Ewald Georg von Kleist]] independently invents the first electrical [[capacitor]] to store and discharge electricity.<ref>J. L. Heilbron, ''Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics'' (University of California Press, 1979) p311</ref>  The invention, commonly called the [[Leyden jar]] is later credited to a subsequent inventor [[Pieter van Musschenbroek]]. 
* [[October 14]] &ndash; In [[Amritsar]] in India's Punjab region, the [[Sikh people|Sikh]] parliament (the ''[[Sarbat Khalsa]]'') votes for a major reorganization of the Sikh nation's army, the ''[[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Dal Khalsa]]'', with 25 cavalry regiments and support troops under the command of General [[Nawab Kapur Singh]]<ref>Mahinder N. Gulati, ''Comparative Religious And Philosophies: Anthropomorphlsm And Divinity'' (Atlantic Publishers, 2008) p307</ref>   
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Pope Benedict XIV]] issues the encyclical ''[[Vix pervenit]]'', referred to in English as "On [[Usury]] and Other Dishonest Profit", condemning the charging of [[interest]] on loans as a sin against the Roman Catholic Church <ref>Mark Anielski, ''The Economics of Happiness: Building Genuine Wealth'' (New Society Publishers, 2007) p197</ref> 
* [[November 8]] &ndash; [[Jacobite rising of 1745]]: [[Charles Edward Stuart]], known popularly as "Bonnie Prince Charlie", crosses from Scotland into England for the first time since beginning his quest to place his father on the English throne as the pretender [[James Francis Edward Stuart|King James III]]. Charles arrives at [[Longtown, Cumbria|Longtown]] in [[Cumbria]] and spends the night at a nearby village, the Riddings, then leads his army south along the right bank of the [[River Eden, Cumbria|River Eden]] the next day <ref name=Buckler>"The White Rose on the Border", by Alison Buckler, in ''The Gentleman's Magazine'' (July 1896) p28</ref> 
* [[November 23]] &ndash; In [[Battle of Hennersdorf]] Prussian army wins against Saxons army.
* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[King George's War]]: A combined force of troops from the [[French Army]] and of the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] ([[Mi'kmaq]], [[Maliseet]], [[Passamaquoddy]], [[Abenaki]], and [[Penobscot]] tribes) destroys the British American settlement at Fort Saratoga (now [[Schuylerville, New York]]), burning the fort and surrounding buildings to the ground, and killing 15 people.<ref>David R. Starbuck, ''The Great Warpath: British Military Sites from Albany to Crown Point'' (University Press of New England, 1999) p28</ref>  Another 103 survivors are taken prisoner.   
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[Jacobite rising of 1745]]: The Scottish Jacobite army reaches as far south as [[Derby]] in England, causing panic in London; two days later it begins to retreat.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology310311"/>
* [[December 17]] &ndash; Two days after Prussian troops rout the Saxons at the [[Battle of Kesselsdorf]], the Saxon capital of [[Dresden]] falls to Prussia's King [[Frederick the Great]].<ref name="Fragile"/> 
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Jacobite rising of 1745]] &ndash;  [[Clifton Moor Skirmish]]: The Jacobites are victorious,<ref name="Cassell's Chronology310311"/> in the last action between two military forces on English soil.<ref>Unless the [[Battle of Graveney Marsh]] ([[1940]]) is counted.</ref>
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Jacobite rising of 1745]] &ndash; [[Battle of Inverurie (1745)|Battle of Inverurie]]: The Jacobites are victorious over British royal troops. 
* [[December 25]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Dresden]] gives [[Prussia]] full possession of [[Silesia]].
* [[December 28]] &ndash; For 5 days, fire destroys buildings in [[Istanbul]].
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