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== Events == <onlyinclude> === Summary === The [[American Revolutionary War]] began this year, with the first military engagement on April 19 [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] on the day after [[Paul Revere]]'s ride. The [[Second Continental Congress]] took various steps toward organizing an American government, appointing [[George Washington]] commander-in-chief (June 14), [[Benjamin Franklin]] postmaster general (July 26) and creating a [[Continental Navy]] (October 13) and a Marine force (November 10) as landing troops for it, but as yet the 13 colonies have not declared independence, and both the British (June 12) and American (July 15) governments make laws. On July 6, Congress issues the [[Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms]] and on August 23, [[King George III]] of Great Britain declares the American colonies in rebellion, announcing it to Parliament on November 10. On June 17, two months into the colonial [[siege of Boston]], at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], just north of Boston, British forces are victorious, but only after suffering severe casualties and after Colonial forces run out of ammunition, [[Capture of Fort Ticonderoga|Fort Ticonderoga is taken]] by American forces in New York Colony's northern frontier, and American forces unsuccessfully [[Invasion of Canada (1775)|invade Canada]], with an attack on [[Montreal]] defeated by British forces on November 13 and an attack on [[Quebec]] repulsed December 31. Human knowledge and mastery over nature advanced when [[James Watt]] built a successful prototype of a steam engine, and a scientific expedition continued as Captain [[James Cook]] claims the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands in the south Atlantic Ocean for Britain. Nature's power over humanity is dramatically demonstrated when the [[Independence Hurricane]] (August 29 β September 13) devastates the east coast of [[North America]], killing 4,173, and a [[North American smallpox epidemic|smallpox epidemic]] begins in New England. Smallpox vaccine was then developed by [[Edward Jenner]]. === JanuaryβJune === * January β The [[Habsburg monarchy]] forces the [[Ottoman Empire]] to cede [[Bukovina]] to its rule. * [[January 5]] β [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] finishes a Sonata for Keyboard in C. * [[January 14]] β [[Siamese conquest of Lan Na (1774β1775)|Siamese conquest of Chiang Mai]] and the [[Lan Na Kingdom]]. * [[January 17]] β [[Second voyage of James Cook]]: Captain [[James Cook]] takes possession of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] for the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. * [[February 9]] β [[American Revolution]]: The [[Parliament of Great Britain]] declares the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] to be in rebellion. * [[February 15]] β [[Pope Pius VI]] succeeds [[Pope Clement XIV]] as the 250th [[pope]]. * [[February 26]] β The [[British East India Company]] [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] on [[Balambangan Island]] is destroyed by [[Piracy in the Sulu Sea|Moro pirates]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Warren| first =James Francis | title =The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State| year =1981| publisher =NUS Press| location=Singapore| page=36 }}</ref> * [[March 6]] β [[Raghunathrao]], [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] in India, signs the [[Treaty of Surat]] with the British Governor-General [[Warren Hastings]] in [[Bombay]] ceding the territories of [[Salsette]] and [[Vasai-Virar|Bassein]] to the British [[East India Company]] along with part of the revenues from [[Surat]] and [[Bharuch]] districts in return for military assistance. This leads to the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] fought between the British and the Marathas, ending with the Treaty of Salbai in [[1782]]. * [[March 17]] β [[Catherine the Great]] of Russia issues a manifesto prohibiting freed serfs from being returned to [[Serfdom in Russia|serfdom]].<ref name=Madriaga>{{cite journal|first=Isabel|last=de Madriaga|title=Catherine II and the Serfs: A Reconsideration of Some Problems|journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]]|volume=52|issue=126|date=January 1974|pages=34β62|jstor=4206834}}</ref> * [[March 23]] β American Revolution: [[Patrick Henry]], a delegate to the [[Second Virginia Convention]] after the [[Commonwealth of Virginia|Virginia]] [[House of Burgesses]] was disbanded by the [[Governor of Virginia|Royal Governor]], delivers his "[[Give me Liberty or give me Death!]]" speech at [[St. John's Episcopal Church (Richmond, Virginia)|St. John's Church]] in [[Richmond, Virginia]]. * [[April 18]] β American Revolution: [[Paul Revere]] and [[William Dawes]], instructed by Dr. [[Joseph Warren]], [[Paul Revere's Midnight Ride|ride from Boston to Lexington]] to warn [[John Hancock]] and [[Samuel Adams|Sam Adams]] that British forces are coming to take them prisoner and to seize colonial weapons and ammunition in Concord. * [[April 19]] β [[American Revolution]] β [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]]:<ref>{{citation|title=Battles of Lexington and Concord|encyclopedia=Britannica Student Encyclopedia|year=2006|url=http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9275454|page=454|quote=The American Revolution began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.}}</ref> Hostility between Britain and its American colonies explodes into bloodshed, igniting the [[American Revolutionary War]]. * [[May 10]] β American Revolution: ** The [[Second Continental Congress]] meets, elects [[John Hancock]] president, raises the [[Continental Army]] under [[George Washington]] as commander and authorizes the colonies to adopt their own [[constitutions]]. ** [[Ethan Allen]] and [[Benedict Arnold]], leading the [[Green Mountain Boys]] of [[Vermont Republic|Vermont]], [[Capture of Fort Ticonderoga|capture Fort Ticonderoga]]. * [[May 17]] β American Revolution: The Continental Congress bans trade with [[Canada]]. * [[June 11]] ** [[Coronation of Louis XVI]] takes place in [[Reims]]. The last coronation of the [[Ancien Regime]] before the [[French Revolution]] ** [[American Revolutionary War]] β [[Battle of Machias]]: In the first naval engagement of the American Revolution, Patriot forces capture the schooner ''HMS Margaretta''. * [[June 12]] β American Revolution: ** The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] forces offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms. ** Action by citizens of [[Machias, Maine]], in capturing British ships recognises the existence of a [[United States Merchant Marine]]. * [[June 14]] β American Revolution: The Continental Congress names [[George Washington]] as commander of the [[Continental Army]]. * [[June 16]] β The post of [[chief engineer]] of the [[Continental Army]] is created. * [[June 17]] β American Revolution: Two months into the colonial [[siege of Boston]], British open fire on [[Breed's Hill]] on Charles Town Peninsula. After 3 charges, the British take the hill in the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]]. * [[June 19]] β The post of [[Commanding General]] is created by the [[Continental Congress]]. === JulyβDecember === [[File:Windy600.jpg|thumb|[[August 18]]: [[Tucson]] is founded.]] *[[July 3]] β American Revolution: George Washington takes command of the 17,000-man Continental Army at Cambridge. * [[July 5]] β American Revolution: The Continental Congress sends the [[Olive Branch Petition]], hoping for a reconciliation. * [[July 6]] β American Revolution: The Continental Congress issues [[Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms]], which contains the words: "Our cause is just. Our union is perfect... being with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves...". * [[July 26]] β The Second Continental Congress appoints [[Benjamin Franklin]] to be the first [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] of what later becomes the [[United States Post Office Department]]. * [[July 30]] β [[Second voyage of James Cook]]: {{HMS|Resolution|1771}} anchors off the south coast of England, [[James Cook|Captain Cook]] having completed the first eastbound global [[circumnavigation]]. * [[August 18]] β [[Tucson]] is founded. * [[August 21]] β American Revolution β [[Siege of Fort St. Jean]]: American rebels launch an [[Invasion of Canada (1775)|invasion of Canada]]. * [[August 23]] β American Revolution: Refusing to even look at the Olive Branch Petition, King George issues a [[Proclamation of Rebellion]] against the American colonies. * [[August 29]] β [[September 12]] β The ''[[1775 Newfoundland hurricane|Independence Hurricane]]'' from [[South Carolina]] to [[Nova Scotia]] kills 4,170, mostly fishermen and sailors. * [[September 25]] β American Revolution: Siege of Fort St. Jean β [[Battle of Longue-Pointe]]: [[Thirteen Colonies]] revolutionary forces under Maj. [[Ethan Allen]] attack [[Montreal]] in Quebec, commanded by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] General [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Guy Carleton]]. Allen's forces are defeated, and Allen himself is captured and held on British ships until he is released. * October β The [[Sayre Plot]]ters attempt to kidnap [[George III of the United Kingdom]]. * [[October 13]] β American Revolution: The Continental Congress orders the establishment of the [[Continental Navy]] (later the [[United States Navy]]). * [[October 26]] β American Revolution: [[George III]] announces to [[Parliament]] that the American colonies are in an uprising and must be dealt with accordingly. * November β American Revolution: Colonel [[Richard Richardson (general)|Richard Richardson]]'s [[South Carolina]] revolutionaries march through [[Ninety-Six District, South Carolina|Ninety-Six District]] in what becomes known as the ''[[Snow Campaign]]'', effectively ending all major support for the [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] cause in the [[backcountry]] of South Carolina. * [[November 7]] β American Revolution: [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore]], British [[Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies|royal governor]] of the [[Colony of Virginia]], signs [[Dunmore's Proclamation]], declaring [[martial law]] and offering freedom to [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] of [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]]s who run away from their owners and join the [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] forces (formal proclamation November 15) thus losing the support of planters who see slaves as their vital livelihood. * [[November 10]] β American Revolution: The Continental Congress passes a resolution creating the [[Continental Marines]] to serve as landing troops for the recently created Continental Navy (the Marines are disbanded at end of the war in April [[1783]] but reformed on [[July 11]], [[1798]] as the [[United States Marine Corps]]). * [[November 13]] β American Revolution: [[Siege of Fort St. Jean|Battle of Montreal]] β American forces under [[Brigadier General (United States)|Brigadier General]] [[Richard Montgomery]] capture [[Montreal, Quebec|Montreal]]. [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] General [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Guy Carleton]] escapes to [[Quebec]]. * November 17 β The city of [[Kuopio]], [[Finland]] (belonging to [[Sweden]] at this time) is founded by King [[Gustav III of Sweden]]. * [[December 5]] β American Revolution: [[Henry Knox]] begins [[Noble train of artillery|his journey]] to [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] with the artillery that has been captured from [[Fort Ticonderoga]]. * [[December 31]] β American Revolution: [[Battle of Quebec (1775)|Battle of Quebec]] β British forces repulse an attack by [[Continental Army]] generals [[Richard Montgomery]] and [[Benedict Arnold]] at [[Quebec]]; Montgomery is killed. === Date unknown === * [[Industrial Revolution]] in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]. ** [[James Watt]]'s 1769 [[steam engine]] [[patent]] is extended to June 1800 by [[Act of Parliament]] and the first [[Watt steam engine|engine]]s are built under it.<ref>{{cite journal|first=F. M.|last=Scherer|title=Invention and Innovation in the Watt-Boulton Steam-Engine Venture|journal=[[Technology and Culture]]|volume=6|issue=2|year=1965|pages=165β87|jstor=3101072|doi=10.2307/3101072|s2cid=112618665 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwattsenginespread.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525164012/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwattsenginespread.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 25, 2012|title=The Invention of the Steam Engine: The Life of James Watt. Part 4: The Steam Engine Gains Popularity|work=About.com Inventors|access-date=2011-02-25}}</ref> ** [[John Wilkinson (industrialist)|John Wilkinson]] invents and patents a new kind of [[boring (manufacturing)|boring machine]]. * [[Catherine the Great]] decrees a Statute for the Administration of the Provinces of the Russian Empire dividing the country into provinces and districts for efficient government.<ref name=Madriaga/> * A [[North American smallpox epidemic|smallpox epidemic]] begins in [[New England]]. * Typhoon Liengkieki devastates the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] [[atoll]] of [[Pingelap]]. * [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] writes his five [[violin concerto]]s in [[Salzburg]] at about this date. * The [[Calcutta Theatre]] is inaugurated. * [[Shneur Zalman of Liadi]] founds the [[Chabad]]-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish dynasty. * Probable date β [[Jeanne Baret]] returns to France, becoming the first woman to complete a [[circumnavigation]] of the globe.</onlyinclude> * ''[[Breguet (brand)|Breguet]]'', one of the oldest Swiss luxury watch brands, clock and jewelry manufacturers is founded by [[Abraham-Louis Breguet]] in Paris.
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