Editing 1803 (section)

== Events ==
=== January–March ===
* [[January 1]] – The first edition of [[Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière]]'s ''Almanach des gourmands'', the first guide to restaurant cooking, is published in Paris.
* [[January 4]] – [[William Symington]] demonstrates his ''[[Charlotte Dundas]]'', the "first practical steamboat", in Scotland.
* [[January 30]] – [[James Monroe|Monroe]] and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, [[New Orleans]]; they end up completing the [[Louisiana Purchase]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1803 |title=Historical Events for Year 1803 &#124; OnThisDay.com |website=Historyorb.com |access-date=August 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630071746/http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1803 |archive-date=June 30, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[February 19]]
** An [[Act of Mediation]], issued by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], establishes the [[Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)|Swiss Confederation]] to replace the [[Helvetic Republic]]. Under the terms of the act, [[Graubünden]], [[Canton of St. Gallen|St. Gallen]], [[Thurgau]], the [[Ticino]] and [[Vaud]] become Swiss cantons.
** [[Ohio]] is admitted as the 17th U.S. state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ohio Statehood &#124; OhioHistoryCentral.org |url=http://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Statehood |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007165856/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Statehood |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[February 20]] – [[Kandyan Wars]]: [[Kandy]], Ceylon is taken by a British detachment.
* [[February 21]] – [[Edward Despard]] and six others are hanged and beheaded for plotting to assassinate King [[George III of the United Kingdom]], and to destroy the [[Bank of England]].
* [[February 24]] – ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'': The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] establishes the principle of [[judicial review]].
* [[February 25]] – A major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the [[Holy Roman Empire]] is enacted, via an act known as the ''[[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss]]''.
* [[March 9]] – [[Aargau]] becomes a Swiss canton.

=== April–June ===
* [[March]]–[[April]] – The ''[[franc germinal]]'' is introduced in France.
* [[April 5]] — [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] puts on a big Akademie concert at the [[Theater an der Wien]], in Vienna consisting of the premieres of his [[Symphony No. 2 (Beethoven) | second symphony]], [[Piano Concerto No. 3 (Beethoven)| third piano concerto]], and his oratorio [[Christ on the Mount of Olives (Beethoven)|Christ on the Mount of Olives.]]
* [[April 26]] – The [[L'Aigle (meteorite)|L'Aigle meteorite]] falls in Normandy, causing a shift in scientific opinion on the origin of meteorites.
* [[April 30]] – The [[Louisiana Purchase]] is made from France by the United States.
* [[May]] – [[Napoleon|First Consul of France, Citizen Bonaparte]], begins making [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom|preparations to invade England]].
* [[May 18]] – The [[Napoleonic Wars]] begin, when the United Kingdom declares war on France, after France refuses to withdraw from Dutch territory.
* [[May 19]] – [[Master Malati]], a [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Christian]] leader, is beheaded by a [[Muslim]] mob in [[Cairo]], Egypt.
* [[June 5]] – [[Convention of Artlenburg]] agrees a ceasefire following the [[Invasion of Hanover (1803)|French Invasion of Hanover]]. Large numbers of the former [[Hanoverian Army]] go into exile to join the [[King's German Legion]]
* [[June 7]] – [[Indiana Territory]] governor (and future U.S. president) [[William Henry Harrison]] signs [[Treaty of Fort Wayne (1803)|treaties]] at [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]], with representatives of the [[Lenape|Delaware]], [[Shawnee Tribe|Shawnee]], [[Potawatomi]], [[Miami people|Miami]], [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]], [[Eel River Tribe|Eel River]], [[Wea]], [[Piankeshaw]] and [[Kaskaskia]] Indian tribes. The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaties on November 25.<ref>''Laws of the United States of America; from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1815'' (Weightman, 1815) p714</ref>
* [[June 14]] – [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] orders the establishment of five military camps to defend the coast of France, located at [[Bayonne]], [[Ghent]], [[Saint-Omer]], [[Compiègne]], [[Saint-Malo]], and one in the occupied Netherlands, at [[Utrecht]]. Each one has 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry to defend it.<ref>Frederick C. Schneid, ''Napoleon's Conquest of Europe: The War of the Third Coalition'' (Greenwood, 2005) pp77-78</ref>

=== July–September ===
* [[July 4]] – The [[Louisiana Purchase]] is announced to the American people.
* [[July 5]] – The [[convention of Artlenburg]] leads to the French occupation of [[Hanover]] (which had been ruled by the British king).
* [[July 23]] – [[Robert Emmet]]'s uprising in Ireland begins.
* [[July 26]] – The [[wagonway]] between [[Wandsworth]] and [[Croydon]] is opened, being the first public railway line in England.
* [[August 3]] – The British begin the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], against the [[Scindia Dynasty]] of [[Gwalior]].
* [[August 31]] – The [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] begins as Lewis and a crew of 11 depart on the Ohio River. 
* [[September 6]] – [[John Dalton]], British scientist, begins using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements.
* [[September 11]] – [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]: [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|Battle of Delhi]] – British troops under [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|General Lake]] defeat the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] of [[Scindia Dynasty|Scindia]]'s army, under General Louis Bourquin.
* [[September 20]] – Irish rebel [[Robert Emmet]] is executed.
* [[September 23]] – [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]: [[Battle of Assaye]] – British-led troops defeat [[Maratha]] forces.

=== October–December ===
* [[October 14]] – [[Odisha|Orissa]], an area of [[India]] along the [[Bay of Bengal]] that comprises the modern-day Indian state of [[Odisha]], is occupied by the British under the [[British East India Company]], after the Second Anglo-Maratha War.<ref>Chandan Kumar Sadangi and Sanjay Mohapatra, ''Change Management for Organizations: Lessons from Political Upheaval in India'' (Emerald Group Publishing, 2017) p x</ref>  The [[Maratha Empire]] formally cedes the area in the Treaty of [[Deogaon]], signed on December 17.<ref>Lieutenant-Colonel H. F. Murland, ''Baillie-Ki-Paltan: Being a History of the 2nd Battalion, Madras Pioneers 1759–1930'' (Andrews UK Ltd., 2012) p122</ref>
* [[October 20]] – The Senate ratifies the [[Louisiana Purchase]] Treaty, doubling the size of the United States.
* [[November 18]] – [[Haitian Revolution]]: [[Battle of Vertières]] – The Haitian army, led by [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], defeats the French army sent by [[Napoleon]].
* [[November 30]]
** The [[Balmis Expedition]] starts in Spain, with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in [[Spanish America]] and the [[Philippines]].
** At [[the Cabildo]] in [[New Orleans]], Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo officially transfer [[Louisiana (New Spain)]] to French representative Prefect [[Pierre Clément de Laussat]].<ref>Robert S. Levine, ''Dislocating Race and Nation: Episodes in Nineteenth-Century American Literary Nationalism'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2009) p27</ref> Barely three weeks later, France transfers the same land to the United States.
* [[December 9]] – The proposed [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], requiring that electoral ballots distinctly list the choice for president and the choice for vice president, is approved by Congress for submission to the states for ratification; passed in the wake of the problems in the [[1800 United States presidential election|1800 presidential election]], the amendment is ratified by 13 of the 17 states and is proclaimed in effect on September 25, 1804.<ref>''The Constitution of the United States of America, As Amended'', ed. by Jack Brooks (U. S. House of Representatives, 1992) pp15-16</ref>
* [[December 20]] – The [[Louisiana Purchase]] is completed as the French prefect, de Laussat, formally transfers ownership of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains to the United States, by way of commissioners [[William C. C. Claiborne]] and [[James Wilkinson]].<ref>Charles Etienne and Arthur Gayarré, ''History of Louisiana: The American Domination'' (Pelican Publishing, 1972)</ref>  Claiborne is appointed as the area's first American governor.<ref>C. A. Goodrich, ''History of the United States'' (Huntington and Hopkins, 1823) p306</ref>

=== Undated ===
* Major breakthroughs in [[chemistry]] occur, with the identification of the elements [[rhodium]] and [[palladium]] (by [[William Hyde Wollaston]]); [[osmium]] and [[iridium]] (by [[Smithson Tennant]]); and [[cerium]] (by [[Wilhelm Hisinger]], [[Jons Jakob Berzelius]] and [[Martin Heinrich Klaproth]])<ref>Andrew Ede, ''The Chemical Element: A Historical Perspective'' (Greenwood, 2006) pp129-131</ref>