Editing 1815 (section)

== Events ==

=== January ===
* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[Lord Byron]] marries [[Anne Isabella Byron, Baroness Byron|Anna Isabella Milbanke]] in [[Seaham]], [[county of Durham]], [[England]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Judith Bailey Slagle|title=The Collected Letters of Joanna Baillie|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780838638163|page=734}}</ref>
* [[January 3]] &ndash; [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against [[Prussia]] and Russia.
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Battle of New Orleans]]: American forces led by [[Andrew Jackson]] defeat British forces led by [[Sir Edward Pakenham]]. American forces suffer around 60 casualties and the British lose about 2,000 (the battle lasts for about 30 minutes).
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[War of 1812]]: British troops capture Fort Peter in St. Marys, Georgia, the only battle of the war to take place in the state.
* [[January 15]] &ndash; War of 1812: [[Capture of USS President|Capture of USS ''President'']] &ndash; American [[frigate]] {{USS|President|1800}}, commanded by Commodore [[Stephen Decatur]], is captured by a squadron of four British frigates.

=== February ===
* [[February 3]] &ndash; The first commercial [[cheese]] factory is founded in [[Switzerland]].
* [[February 4]] &ndash; The first Dutch student association, the ''[[Groninger Studentencorps Vindicat atque Polit]]'', is founded in the Netherlands. The first rector of the senate is B. J. Winter.
* [[February 6]] &ndash; [[New Jersey]] grants the first American railroad charter to [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|John Stevens]].
* [[February 17]] &ndash; The [[Reconquista (Spanish America)|Spanish reconquest of Spanish America]] begins.
* [[February 18]] &ndash; The [[War of 1812]] between the United States and the United Kingdom (including Canada) officially ends, following ratification of the [[Treaty of Ghent]] ([[1814]]) in [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] escapes from [[Elba]].

=== March ===
* [[March 1]]
** [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Napoleon]] returns to France from his banishment on [[Elba]].
** [[Georgetown University]]'s [[congressional charter]] is signed into law, by President [[James Madison]].
* [[March 13]] &ndash; Participants at the [[Congress of Vienna]] declare [[Napoleon]] an [[outlaw]] following his escape from [[Elba]]<ref>Price, Munro. ''Napoleon: The End of Glory''. Oxford University Press, 2014.</ref>
* [[March 15]] &ndash; [[Joachim Murat]], [[Kingdom of Naples|King of Naples]], declares war on [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] in an attempt to save his throne, starting the [[Neapolitan War]].
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[William I of the Netherlands|William I]] becomes [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|King of the Netherlands]].
* [[March 2]]&ndash;[[March 18|18]] &ndash; [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy]], the last king in Ceylon, is deposed under the terms of the [[Kandyan Convention]], which results in [[British Ceylon|Ceylon becoming a British colony]].
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Napoleon]] enters Paris, after escaping from [[Elba]] with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his ''[[Hundred Days]]'' rule.

=== April ===
[[File:Congress of Vienna.PNG|thumb|[[June 9]]: The Final Act of the [[Congress of Vienna]] is signed.]]
[[File:Bodleian Libraries, Twelfth night or,- What you will now performing at the Theatre Royal Europe, with new scenery decorationscc.jpg|thumb|''[[Twelfth Night (print)|Twelfth Night]]''. Caricature of the Congress of Vienna by [[George Cruikshank]].]]
* [[April 10]]&ndash; [[Mount Tambora]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]]  [[1815 eruption of Mount Tambora|blows its top explosively during its peak eruption]], killing more than 92,000 people during week of activity from April 5 to April 12. The blast propels thousands of tons of aerosols ([[Sulfide]] gas compounds) into the [[stratosphere]], and the high level gases reflect sunlight, causing widespread cooling from a [[volcanic winter]]. During [[1816]], heavy rains fall arounde the world, snow falls in June and July in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], crops fail and widespread famine occurs. In later years, [[1816]] will become known as the ''[[Year Without a Summer]]''.
* [[April 21]] &ndash; In India, the eastern part of the former [[Garhwal Kingdom]] is joined with [[Kumaon division]], under the administration of the [[British Raj]].
* [[April 24]] &ndash; The [[Second Serbian Uprising]] against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule takes place in [[Takovo]], [[Ottoman Serbia]]. By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state, temporarily achieving the ideals of the [[First Serbian Uprising]].

=== May ===
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Battle of Tolentino]]: [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] defeats the [[Kingdom of Naples]], which quickly ends the [[Neapolitan War]]. [[Joachim Murat]], the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to [[Corsica]], and is later executed.
* [[May 30]] &ndash; The ''[[Arniston (East Indiaman)|Arniston]]'', an [[East Indiaman]] ship repatriating wounded troops to England from [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]], is wrecked near [[Waenhuiskrans]], South Africa, with the loss of 372 of the 378 people on board.

=== June ===
* [[June 9]] &ndash; The Final Act of the [[Congress of Vienna]] is signed: A new European political situation is set. The [[German Confederation]] and [[Congress Poland]] are created, and the [[Country neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]] of Switzerland is guaranteed. Also, [[Luxembourg]] declares independence from the [[First French Empire|French Empire]].
* [[June 15]] &ndash; The [[Duchess of Richmond's ball]] is held in [[Brussels]], "the most famous ball in history".<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Elizabeth Pakenham, Countess of Longford|last=Longford|first=Elizabeth|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_fwo9-URNEC&q=Marquise+D%E2%80%99Assche&pg=PA230|pages=230&ndash;234|editor=Hastings, Max|editor-link=Max Hastings|chapter=194|title=The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195205282}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-184831-247-0|title=Love, Sex, Death & Words: surprising tales from a year in literature|first1=John|last1=Sutherland|author-link1=John Sutherland (author)|first2=Stephen|last2=Fender|location=London|publisher=Icon|year=2011|chapter=15 June|pages=228–9}}</ref>
* [[June 16]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]:
** [[Battle of Ligny]] &ndash; [[Napoleon]] defeats a Prussian army under [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher]].
** [[Battle of Quatre Bras]] &ndash; Marshal [[Michel Ney|Ney]] engages [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], resulting in a tactical and strategic draw.
* [[June 18]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Battle of Waterloo]] &ndash; Allied forces led by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], and [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher]] decisively, and this time permanently, defeat [[Napoleon]].
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Napoleon]] abdicates again; [[Napoleon II]] (1811–1832), age 4, nominally rules for two weeks (22 June to 7 July).
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: Wellington's advancing Allied Army takes [[Péronne, Somme]], on its way to [[Paris]].

=== July ===
* [[July 8]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Louis XVIII]] returns to Paris, and is 'restored' as King of France (he had declared himself king on 8 June 1795, at the death of his nephew, 10-year-old [[Louis XVII]], and had lived in Westphalia, Verona, Russia, and England).
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Napoleon]] boards {{HMS|Bellerophon|1786|6}} off [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]], and surrenders to Captain [[Frederick Lewis Maitland (Royal Navy officer)|Frederick Lewis Maitland]] of the [[Royal Navy]].

=== August ===
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: Representatives of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia sign a convention at Paris, declaring that Napoleon Bonaparte is "their prisoner" and that "His safe keeping is entrusted to the British Government."  <ref>Charles Jean Tristan, Count Montholon, ''History of the Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helen'' (E. Ferrett & Company, 1846) p83</ref>
* [[August 7]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: Napoleon is transferred to [[HMS Northumberland (1798)|HMS ''Northumberland'']], to begin his forced and final second exile, on the remote island of [[Saint Helena]] in the South Atlantic Ocean.<ref>Andrew Roberts, ''Napoleon and Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo- and the Great Commanders who Fought it'' (Simon and Schuster, 2001) p199 
</ref>

=== September ===
* [[September 23]] &ndash; The [[Great September Gale of 1815]] is the first [[hurricane]] to strike New England in 180 years.
* [[September 26]] &ndash; Austria, [[Prussia]] and Russia sign a [[Holy Alliance]], to uphold the European [[status quo]].<ref>Tim Chapman, ''The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815'' (Routledge, 2006) p60</ref>

=== October ===
* [[October]] &ndash; [[Robert Adams (sailor)|Robert Adams]], American sailor and the first Westerner to visit [[Timbuktu]], is found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell his story as a [[Barbary slave trade|Barbary captive]], which is later published as ''[[The Narrative of Robert Adams]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Charles Hansford|title=The Narrative of Robert Adams: A Barbary Captive|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|page=x}}</ref>
* [[October 3]] &ndash; The [[Chassigny (meteorite)|Chassigny]] [[Martian meteorite]] falls in [[Chassigny, Haute-Marne]], France.
* [[October 15]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Napoleon]] begins his exile on [[Saint Helena]] in the Atlantic Ocean.
* [[October 23]] &ndash; A [[1815 Pinglu earthquake|6.8 earthquake]] shakes northern [[China]] causing many houses and caves to collapse, killing at least 13,000 people.

=== November ===
* [[November 3]] &ndash; Sir [[Humphry Davy]] announces his invention, the [[Davy lamp]] (a [[coal mining]] [[safety lamp]]),<ref>To a meeting of the [[Royal Society]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]].</ref><ref name="Icons">{{cite web|url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1800-1820|title=Icons, a portrait of England 1800-1820 |publisher=icons.org.uk |access-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016113407/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1800-1820 |archive-date=October 16, 2009}}</ref>
* [[November 5]] &ndash; The [[Ionian Islands]] become a British protectorate,<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=247–248|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> the [[United States of the Ionian Islands]].
* [[November 20]] &ndash; The [[Napoleonic Wars]] come to an end after 12 years, with the British government restoring the status quo of France, prior to when the [[French Revolution]] began in [[1789]], after 26 years of turmoil.
* [[November 27]] &ndash; The [[Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland]] is signed, creating [[Congress Poland]], a [[constitutional monarchy]] in [[personal union]] with the [[Russian Empire]], under terms agreed at the [[Congress of Vienna]].

=== December ===
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Michel Ney|Marshal Ney]] is executed in Paris, near the [[Jardin du Luxembourg]].
* [[December 23]] &ndash; The novel ''[[Emma (novel)|Emma]]'' by [[Jane Austen]] is first published, anonymously in London, dated 1816.
* [[December 25]] &ndash; The [[Handel and Haydn Society]], the oldest continuously performing arts organization in the United States, gives its first performance, in [[Boston]].<ref name="Johnson">{{cite book|first=H. Earle|last=Johnson|chapter=Handel and Haydn Society|editor=Hitchcock, H. Wiley|editor2=Sadie, Stanley|title=The New Grove Dictionary of American Music|location=London|publisher=Macmillan Press|year=1986|volume=II|isbn=0-943818-36-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0000unse/page/318 318]|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0000unse/page/318}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* The first full-blooded European native born in New Zealand, Thomas King, is born in the [[Bay of Islands]].
* The second wave of [[Amish]] immigration to North America begins.
* In the United Kingdom, use of the [[pillory]] is limited to punishment for [[perjury]].
* ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' retrospectively recognises statistics for [[first-class cricket]] in England from this year.