Editing 1821 (section)

== Events ==

=== January–March ===
* [[January 21]] – [[Peter I Island]] in the [[Antarctic]] is first sighted, by [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].
* [[January 26]] – [[Congress of Laibach]] convenes to deal with outstanding international issues, particularly the outbreak of a revolution in southern Italy.
* [[January 28]] – [[Alexander Island]], the largest in [[Antarctica]], is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
* [[February 9]] – [[Columbian College]] in the District of Columbia is chartered by President James Monroe (it becomes [[George Washington University]]).
* [[February 10]] – In [[Mexico]], the [[Embrace of Acatempan]] takes place between [[Agustín de Iturbide]] and [[Vicente Guerrero]], which seals the peace between the viceroyalty troops and the insurgents.
* [[February 28]] – Congress of Laibach formally comes to an end. However the leading participants remain as fresh uprisings break out in Northern Italy and Greece.<ref>Palmer, Alan. ''Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace''. Faber and Faber, 2011 p.416-17</ref>
* [[March 7]] – The [[Battle of Rieti]] is fought in [[Italy]] between intervening [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] forces and [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Neapolitan]] rebels.<ref>Roberts, Warren. ''Rossini and Post-Napoleonic Europe''. Boydell & Brewer, 2015. p.111</ref>
* [[March 21]]  – Austrian forces under [[Johann Maria Philipp Frimont|Johann Frimont]] enter [[Naples]] and restore the authority of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand I]].

=== April–June ===
* [[March 25]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[April 6]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Metropolitan bishop]] [[Germanos of Patras]] raises the [[:File:Greek Revolution flag.svg|revolutionary flag of Greece]] at the Monastery of [[Agia Lavra]] (according to oral tradition), symbolically marking the beginning of the [[Greek War of Independence]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]]; later celebrated as Greece's traditional [[Celebration of the Greek Revolution|Independence Day]].
* [[April 10]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[April 22]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Ecumenical Patriarch]] [[Gregory V of Constantinople]] is blamed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government for being unable to suppress [[Greek War of Independence|Greek independence]], and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.
* [[May 5]]
** Emperor [[Napoleon]] dies in exile on [[Saint Helena]] of stomach cancer.
** The first edition of the ''Manchester Guardian'' newspaper (from 1959 simply ''[[The Guardian]]'') is published in England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/06/1|title=History of the Guardian|date=December 11, 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=June 19, 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* [[May 8]] – Greek War of Independence: At the [[Battle of Gravia Inn]], a 120-man Greek force led by [[Odysseas Androutsos]] repulses an Ottoman army of 8,000.
* [[May 12]] – Congress of Laibach finally ends having overseen the successful Austrian intervention in Italy. A planned [[Congress of Verona]] in 1822 is agreed as the next meeting. 
* [[June 14]] – [[Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)]]: King [[Badi VII]] of [[Sennar (sultanate)|Sennar]] surrenders his throne and realm without a fight to Ismail Pasha, general of the [[Ottoman Empire]], ending the existence of the [[Funj Sultanate]] in Sudan.
* [[June 7]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[June 19]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Battle of Drăgășani]], Wallachia: The [[Filiki Eteria]] are decisively defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].
[[File:BatallaCarabobo01.JPG|200px|thumb|right|June 24: [[Battle of Carabobo]]]]
* [[June 24]] – [[Battle of Carabobo]]: [[Simón Bolívar]] wins Venezuela's [[History of Venezuela#19th century: independence|independence from Spain]].

=== July–September ===
[[File:Coronation of George IV.jpg|200px|thumb|right|July 19: Coronation of [[George IV of the United Kingdom]]]]
[[File:La Independencia del Perú.jpg|200px|thumb|right|July 28: Proclamation of the [[Independence of Peru]]]]
[[File:Firma del Acta de Independencia de Centroamérica.jpg|200px|thumb|right|September 15: Declaration of [[Independence of Central America]]]]
[[File:Entrada del Generalisimo Don Agustin de Iturbide a Mexico.jpg|200px|thumb|right|September 27: Entrance of the [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] to Mexico City]]
* [[July 4]] – Return of [[John VI of Portugal|John VI]] from Brazil to Portugal who approves on that day the ''Bases da Constituição''.
* [[July 19]] – [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] is crowned King of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. His estranged wife, [[Caroline of Brunswick]], is turned away from the ceremony.
* [[July 28]] – Argentine general [[José de San Martín]] [[Independence of Peru|declares the independence]] of [[Peru]] from the [[Spanish Empire]].
* [[August 10]] – [[Missouri]] is admitted as the 24th U.S. state.
* [[August 7]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[August 19]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Navarino massacre]]: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.
* [[August 21]] – [[Jarvis Island]] is discovered in the Pacific by the crew of the ''Eliza Frances''.
* [[August 24]] – The [[Treaty of Córdoba]] is signed in [[Córdoba, Veracruz]], Mexico, ratifying the [[Plan of Iguala]] of February 24 for Mexico's independence from Spain and, although not recognised by the latter, effectively concludes the [[Mexican War of Independence]].
* [[August 30]] – At the [[Congress of Cúcuta]], the [[Republic of Gran Colombia]] (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with [[Simón Bolívar]] as the founding [[President (government title)|President]], and [[Francisco de Paula Santander]] as vice president.
* [[September 4]] – Chilean general [[José Miguel Carrera]] is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal, in the city of [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]].
* [[September 15]] – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain [[Independence of Central America|independence from Spain]] by the [[Act of Independence of Central America]]. On October 29, the newly independent [[First Mexican Empire]] proposes that Guatemala should be annexed with it.
* [[September 4]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[September 16]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Ukase of 1821]]: Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern-day Alaska.
* [[September 18]] – [[Amherst College]] is founded in [[Massachusetts]].
* [[September 27]] – The [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] enters [[Mexico City]], and the following day the [[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire]] from Spain is proclaimed, following the [[Mexican War of Independence]].

=== October–December ===
[[File:Η πολιορκία της Τριπολιτσάς.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[October 5]] (September 23 [[Julian calendar|Greek calendar]]): The [[Siege of Tripolitsa]] by Greek rebels is followed by a massacre.]]
* [[September 23]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[October 5]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – The [[Siege of Tripolitsa]] ends when Greek rebels capture the city of [[Tripoli, Greece]]; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] have besieged the city for several months during the [[Greek War of Independence]] from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.)<ref>{{Cite book|first=Benjamin|last=Lieberman|year=2013|title=Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Tucker, Spencer C.|year=2009|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=1139}}</ref>
* [[October 8]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[October 20]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] issues an imperial [[ukase]] guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from [[Persia]].<ref>"Commerce between Russia and Persia— Proposed Union of the Black Sea with the Atlantic". ''The Oriental Herald'' (November 1826) p. 285.</ref>
* [[November 16]] – [[American Old West]]: The [[Santa Fe Trail]] is first used by [[William Becknell]].
* [[November 28]] – Panama [[Independence Act of Panama|declares independence]] from Spain, joining [[Gran Colombia]].
* [[December 1]] – [[History of the Dominican Republic]]: On the Caribbean island of [[Hispaniola]], General [[José Núñez de Cáceres]] ends the ''[[España Boba]]'' era of Spanish rule in the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo by establishing the [[Republic of Spanish Haiti]]. It will last for three months before being invaded by Haiti.
* [[December 6]] – The [[South Orkney Islands]] are discovered by seal hunters [[George Powell (sealer)|George Powell]] and [[Nathaniel Palmer]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Headland | first = Robert K. |title= Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 1989|isbn=978-0-521-30903-5|oclc= 185311468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title= South Orkney Islands|url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556316/South-Orkney-Islands|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | edition = Online Academic}}</ref>
* [[December 15]] – The world's first geographical society, the ''[[Société de géographie]]'', is established in Paris.
* [[December 19]] – The [[Eyjafjallajökull]] volcano in Iceland begins to erupt.

=== Date unknown ===
* The town of [[Al-Ubayyid]], Sudan is established.
* [[Widener University]] is founded in [[Wilmington, Delaware]], as The Bullock School for Boys.