Editing 1823 (section)

== Events ==
===January–March===
* [[January 22]] – By secret treaty signed at the [[Congress of Verona#Spanish Question|Congress of Verona]], the [[Quintuple Alliance]] gives France a mandate to invade [[Spain]] for the purpose of restoring [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] (who has been captured by armed revolutionary liberals) as absolute monarch of the country.
* [[January 23]] – In Paviland Cave on the [[Gower Peninsula]] of Wales, [[William Buckland]] inspects the "[[Red Lady of Paviland]]", the first identification of a prehistoric (male) human burial (although Buckland dates it as Roman).<ref>{{cite journal|first=Stephen|last=Aldhouse-Green|title=Great Sites: Paviland Cave|journal=British Archaeology|issue=61|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba61/feat3.shtml|access-date=July 16, 2010|date=October 2001}}</ref>
* [[February 3]]
** Jackson Male Academy, precursor of [[Union University]], opens in [[Tennessee]].
** [[Gioachino Rossini]]'s opera ''[[Semiramide]]'' is first performed, at ''[[La Fenice]]'' in Venice.
* [[February 10]] – The first worldwide carnival parade takes place in [[Cologne]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]].
* [[February 11]] – [[Carnival tragedy of 1823]]: About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the [[Franciscan Church of St Mary of Jesus|Convent of the Minori Osservanti]] in [[Valletta]], [[Crown Colony of Malta|Malta]].
* [[February 15]] (approx.) –  The first officially recognised [[gold]] is found in [[Australia]], by surveyor James McBrien at [[Fish River (Oberon)|Fish River]], near [[Bathurst, New South Wales]], predating the [[Australian gold rushes]].
* [[February 20]] – Explorer [[James Weddell]]'s expedition to Antarctica reaches [[latitude]] 74°15'&nbsp;S and [[longitude]] 34°16'45"&nbsp;W: the [[Farthest South|southernmost position]] any ship has reached at this time.
* [[March 15]] – Sailor [[Benjamin Morrell]] [[phantom island|erroneously reports]] the existence of the island of [[New South Greenland]] near [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Simpson-Housley|first= Paul|title= Antarctica:Exploration, Perception and Metaphor|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=M1ql3mx8xYgC&q=New+South+Greenland+Antarctic&pg=PA51|publisher= Routledge|location= New York|year= 1992|isbn= 0-415-08225-0 |page=52}}</ref>
* [[March 19]] – Emperor [[Agustín de Iturbide]] of Mexico abdicates, thus ending the short-lived [[First Mexican Empire]].

===April–June===
* [[April 7]] – French forces, the "[[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis]]", cross the Spanish border at the [[Bidasoa River]]
* [[April 10]] – [[Siege of Pamplona (1823)|Siege of Pamplona]] begins in [[Navarre]] as French troops besiege the city's garrison
* [[April 13]] – [[Franz Liszt]], 11, gives a concert in Vienna, after which he is personally congratulated by [[Ludwig van Beethoven]].<ref>According to Gustav Schilling.</ref>
* [[May 5]] – Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil]] inaugurates [[Brazil]]'s first ''Assembleia Geral'', with 50 Senators and 102 Deputies.<ref>{{cite book|first=Leslie|last=Bethell|title=Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822-1930|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985|page=49}}</ref>
* [[May 7]] – [[Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov]] in appointed as [[Governor-General]] of [[Novorossiya]] (New Russia), the portion of [[Russian Empire]] bordering the Black Sea (in modern days it constitutes southern regions of [[Ukraine]]).<ref>"Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov", in ''Encyclopædia Britannica''  '''28''' (1910) p. 213.</ref>
* [[May 9]] – Russian author [[Alexander Pushkin]] begins work on his verse novel ''[[Eugene Onegin]]''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Olga Peters|last=Hasty|title=Pushkin's Tatiana|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1999|page=14}}</ref>
* [[May 23]] – The [[Trienio Liberal|rebel Spanish government]] withdraws from [[Madrid]] to [[Seville]] following the French advance 
* [[May 25]] 
** The [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême|Duke of Angoulême]], commander of the invading French forces, establishes a regency in [[Madrid]] on behalf of [[Ferdinand VII]] who remains a captive of the Spanish government 
** The [[Catholic Association]], a campaign for religious emancipation, begins in Ireland at a meeting of 13 people at a bookseller's house on [[Capel Street]] in [[Dublin]].<ref>Robert Huish, ''The Memoirs Private and Political of Daniel O'Connell, Esq., M.P., His Times and Contemporaries'' (W. Johnston, 1836) p129</ref>
* [[June 5]] – [[Raffles Institution]] is established (as the Singapore Institution) by the founder of [[Singapore]], Sir [[Stamford Raffles]].

=== July–September ===
* [[July 1]] – The [[Federal Republic of Central America|Congress of Central America]] declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico and any other foreign nation, including North America, and a republican system of government is established.
* [[July 4]] – [[Royal assent]] is given to several significant [[Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom]], after the [[Home Secretary]] (and future Prime Minister) [[Robert Peel]] had worked to get approval by Parliament. Approved are the [[Judgment of Death Act 1823]], effectively abolishing the [[death penalty]] for over 100 offences and ;<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=252–253|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> allowing judges to commute sentences for capital offences (other than murder or treason) to imprisonment or [[Penal transportation|transportation]].;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/timeline.html|title=Timeline of capital punishment in Britain|access-date=March 3, 2012}}</ref> the Transportation Act allowing convicts transported to the colonies to be employed on public works.<ref name=CBH/> On July 10, the [[Gaols Act 1823]] is given assent, beginning the process of prison reform based on the campaign of [[Elizabeth Fry]].<ref name=CBH/>
* [[July 15]] – The [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]] in Rome is almost completely destroyed by fire.<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in Walford, Cornelius, ed. ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance''. C. & E. Layton, 1876. p.71.</ref>
* [[July 28]] – The first theatrical adaptation of the ''[[Frankenstein]]'' story, ''[[Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein]]'', opens at the [[Royal Opera House]], [[Covent Garden]] in London. On August 29, [[Mary Shelley]] attends a performance, the only version of her novel she will ever see.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://editions.covecollective.org/chronologies/presumption-or-fate-frankenstein|title=Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein|date=2021-12-08}}</ref>
* [[August 1]] – [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|William Pitt Amherst]] arrives in [[Calcutta]] with Lady Amherst to become the new [[Governor-General of India]].<ref>''The Cambridge Modern History'', Volume 11 (Macmillan, 1909) p727.</ref>
* [[August 4]] – [[Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop]], the Mexican government administrator in charge of Anglo-American immigration into Mexico's state of [[Coahuila y Tejas]], allows [[Stephen F. Austin]] to put together an 11-man police force, that will later be expanded to become the [[Texas Ranger Division]].<ref>Robert M. Utley, ''Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers'' (Oxford University Press, 2002)</ref>
* [[August 5]] –  The [[Royal Hibernian Academy]] is founded in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Vaughn, W. E.|title=A New History of Ireland: Ireland Under the Union, 1870-1921|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1976|page=423}}</ref>
* [[August 16]] – Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] draws up a secret "manifesto", designating his second younger brother [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nikolai]] to succeed him, bypassing Nikolai's older brother, [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia|Grand Duke Konstantin]]. The existence of the manifesto is revealed on Alexander's death in 1825.<ref>Donald J. Raleigh and A.A. Iskenderov, ''The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Reconsidering the Romanovs'' (Routledge, 2015)</ref>
* [[August 18]] – [[Demerara rebellion of 1823]]: In the British colony of [[Demerara-Essequibo]] (modern-day Guyana in South America), an insurrection of 10,000 black slaves begins; it is suppressed after three days, but hundreds of suspects are executed in the reprisals that follow.<ref>Gelien Matthews, ''Caribbean Slave Revolts and the British Abolitionist Movement'' (LSU Press, 2006) p21</ref>
* [[August 20]] – [[Pope Pius VII]] dies after a reign of more than 23 years that began on March 14, 1800; he is remembered for crowning [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] as [[Emperor of France]].<ref name=Coulombe>Charles A. Coulombe, ''Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes'' (Citadel Press, 2003) pp393-397</ref>
* [[August 24]] – [[Hugh Glass]] gets mauled by a sow grizzly while on a fur trapping expedition in the Missouri Territory and has to crawl 200 miles for help.<ref>As featured in the 2002 novel ''[[The Revenant (novel)|The Revenant]]'' and 2015 [[The Revenant (2015 film)|film of the same title]].</ref>
* [[August 31]] – [[Battle of Trocadero]]: French infantry of the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" capture the fort of Trocadero and turn its guns on [[Cádiz]].
* [[September 10]] – [[Simón Bolívar]] is named President of [[Peru]].
* [[September 17]] – [[Pamplona]] surrenders to French forces after a five-month siege.
* [[September 22]] – [[Joseph Smith]] first goes to the place near [[Manchester, New York]], where the [[golden plates]] are stored, having been directed there by God through an angel (according to what he writes in 1838).
* [[September 23]] – [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]: [[Burma|Burmese]] forces attack the British on Shapura, an island close to [[Chittagong]].
* [[September 28]] – Roman Catholic Cardinal Annibale della Genga is elected [[Pope Leo XII]].<ref name=Coulombe/>
* [[September 30]] – [[Cádiz]] surrenders to the French and [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]] is restored to his throne, immediately repealing the liberal [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]]. Despite French advice, he begins an era of repression against his opponents known as the [[Ominous Decade]]

===October–December===
* [[October 5]] – ''[[The Lancet]]'' medical journal is founded by [[Thomas Wakley]] in London.
* [[October 22]] – [[Simón Bolívar]] writes to Paraguayan dictator [[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] to release his friend the explorer [[Aimé Bonpland]] under threat of invasion. Rodríguez never responds to the letter. 
* [[November 3]] – An explosion at the Rainton Colliery Company's Plain Pit mine at [[Chilton Moor]] in the north-east of England, kills at least 57 coal miners.<ref>{{cite book|first=Maureen|last=Anderson|title=Durham Mining Disasters: c1700-1950s|location=Barnsley|publisher=Wharncliffe|year=2008}}</ref>
* [[November 7]] – General [[Rafael del Riego]] is executed in Madrid for [[high treason]]
* [[November]] – According to tradition, [[William Webb Ellis]] invents the sport of [[rugby football]] at [[Rugby School]] in England.<ref name=CBH/>
* [[December 2]] – [[James Monroe]] first introduces the [[Monroe Doctrine]] in the [[State of the Union address]], declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.

=== Undated ===
* The [[Anglo-Ashanti wars#First Anglo-Ashanti War|first Anglo-Ashanti War]] begins.
*British expedition up the [[St. Clair River]]; site of [[Corunna, Ontario|Corunna]] surveyed as a potential capital for [[Upper Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mathewson|first=George|title=Founding of Corunna was a capital idea|url=https://thesarniajournal.ca/founding-corunna-capital-idea|website=The Sarnia Journal|date=July 22, 2014|accessdate=2020-11-20|archive-date=2019-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320115116/http://thesarniajournal.ca/founding-corunna-capital-idea/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Olbers' paradox]] is described by the German astronomer [[Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers]].
* Work begins on the [[British Museum]] in London, designed by [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]], and the [[Altes Museum]] in Berlin, designed by [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]].
* The [[Oxford Union]] is founded as a student debating society in England.