Editing 1831 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[William Lloyd Garrison]] begins [[publishing]] ''[[The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)|The Liberator]]'', an anti-[[slavery]] [[newspaper]], in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Japan]]ese [[department store]], [[Takashimaya]] in [[Kyoto]] established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Takashimaya Archives 1831-1908|url=http://www.takashimaya.co.jp/archives/history/index.html|publisher=Takashimaya|access-date=2021-01-11|language=ja|archive-date=April 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407161950/http://www.takashimaya.co.jp/archives/history/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[February]]&ndash;March &ndash; Revolts in [[Modena]], [[Parma]] and the [[Papal States]] are put down by [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] [[troops]].
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Pope Gregory XVI]] succeeds [[Pope Pius VIII]], as the 254th pope.
* [[February 5]] &ndash; Dutch naval lieutenant [[Jan van Speyk]] blows up his own gunboat in [[Antwerp]] rather than strike his colours on the demand of supporters of the [[Belgian Revolution]].
* [[February 7]] &ndash; The Belgian [[Constitution of Belgium|Constitution of 1831]] is approved by the [[National Congress of Belgium|National Congress]].
*[[February 8]] &ndash; French-born botanical explorer [[Aimé Bonpland]] leaves [[Paraguay]] for [[Argentina]]. 
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Debre Abbay]]: [[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles|Ras]] [[Marye of Yejju]] marches into [[Tigray Province|Tigray]], and defeats and kills the warlord [[Sabagadis]].
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of Olszynka Grochowska|Battle of Olszynka Grochowska (Grochów)]]: Polish rebel forces divide a Russian army.
* [[March 10]] &ndash; The [[French Foreign Legion]] is founded.
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Victor Hugo]]'s historical romantic Gothic novel ''Notre-Dame de Paris'', known in English as ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]'', is published in Paris.
* [[March 29]] &ndash; The [[Bosnian uprising (1831–32)]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]] begins.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]] abdicates as [[Emperor of Brazil]] in favor of his 5-year-old son [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], who will reign for almost 59 years.
* [[April 18]]
** The [[University of Alabama]] is founded.
** ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' newspaper is first published, as the ''Sydney Herald''.
* [[April 27]]
** [[Charles Albert of Sardinia|Charles Albert]] becomes king of Sardinia after the death of King [[Charles Felix of Sardinia|Charles Felix]].
** Ending of the [[Anglo-Ashanti wars#First Anglo-Ashanti War, 1823–1831|First Anglo-Ashanti War (1823–1831)]].
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ostrołęka (1831)|Battle of Ostrołęka]]: The [[Polish people|Poles]] fight another indecisive battle.
* [[May 31]] &ndash; Auxiliary [[paddle steamer]] ''[[Sophia Jane]]'' arrives at [[Sydney]] from London, becoming the first [[steamboat]] to operate in the coastal waters of [[New South Wales]].
* [[May]]&ndash;June &ndash; [[Merthyr Rising]]: Coal miners and others riot in [[Merthyr Tydfil]], [[Wales]], for improved working conditions.
* [[June 1]] &ndash; British Royal Navy officer [[James Clark Ross]] locates the position of the [[North Magnetic Pole]], at this time on the [[Boothia Peninsula]].
* [[June 21]] &ndash; The [[North Carolina State House]] and [[Antonio Canova|Canova]]'s ''[[George Washington (Canova)|George Washington]]'' are destroyed by fire in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miskimon |first1=Scott A. |title=The Fires of 1831: Fayetteville and Raleigh in Flames |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/history/1776-1860/1831-fires |publisher=[[State Library of North Carolina]] |date=2010}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Russian Empire|Russian imperial]] officials in [[Wallachia]] adopt ''[[Regulamentul Organic]]'', introducing a period of unprecedented reforms that provide for Westernization of this region of Romania.
* [[July 15]] &ndash; The volcanic [[Graham Island (Mediterranean Sea)|Graham Island]] briefly emerges in the [[Mediterranean]].
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]] is inaugurated as the first King of the [[Belgium|Belgians]], in [[Brussels]].
* [[August 2]] &ndash; The [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Ten Days' Campaign]] against Belgium is halted by a [[July Monarchy|French]] army.
* [[August 7]] &ndash; American [[Baptist]] minister [[William Miller (preacher)|William Miller]] preaches his first sermon on the Second Advent of Christ in Dresden, New York, launching the Advent Movement in the United States.
* [[August 21]] &ndash; [[Nat Turner's slave rebellion]] in the [[United States]] breaks out in [[Southampton County, Virginia]].
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Michael Faraday]] demonstrates [[electromagnetic induction]] at the [[Royal Society]] of London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840|title=Icons, a portrait of England 1820–1840|access-date=2007-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922055840/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840|archive-date=2007-09-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Joseph Henry]] recognises it at about the same time.
* [[September 8]]&ndash; [[Battle of Warsaw (1831)|Battle of Warsaw]]: The Army of [[Russia]] takes the [[Warsaw|Polish capital]] after a two-day battle to crush the Polish uprising.
* [[September 8]] &ndash; Coronation of King [[William IV of the United Kingdom]] (he will reign until [[1837]]).
* [[September 22]] &ndash; The [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] passes the [[Great Reform Bill]] to expand the franchise, but this is later defeated in the [[House of Lords]].
* [[September 28]]&ndash; The first national [[president (government title)|president]]ial nominating convention in the [[United States]] concludes after three days as the [[Anti-Masonic Party]] selects its nominee for President in [[Baltimore, Maryland]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]], Greek head of [[Sovereign state|state]] and founder of [[Greece|Greek]] [[independence]], is assassinated in [[Nafplion]].
* [[October 21]] &ndash; The [[November Uprising]] ends in the defeat of Polish forces.
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Michael Faraday]] constructs an early form of [[dynamo]].<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[October 29]] &ndash; The [[1831 Bristol riots]] ("Queen Square riots") in [[Bristol]] (England) begin, in connection with the [[Great Reform Bill]] controversy. Quelled by the authorities and the military on October 31, 100 city centre properties are destroyed, at least 120 are estimated to have been killed, 31 of the rioters will be sentenced to death and a colonel facing court-martial for failure to control the riot commits suicide.
* [[October 30]] &ndash; In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave [[Nat Turner]] is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave rebellion in United States history.
* [[November 7]] &ndash; Slave trading is forbidden in [[Brazil]].
* [[November 8]] &ndash; [[The King's School, Parramatta|The Kings School (Parramatta)]] was approved to be established. 
* [[November 17]] &ndash; [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]] are separated from [[Gran Colombia]].
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[First Canut Revolt]]: After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 deaths, rebellious silk workers seize [[Lyon]], France.
* [[December 26]] &ndash; Global [[financial services]] business [[Assicurazioni Generali]] is founded in [[Trieste]] (at this time in the [[Austrian Empire]]) as ''Imperial Regia Privilegiata Compagnia di Assicurazioni Generali Austro-Italiche''.<ref>{{cite web|title=1831|url=https://www.generali.com/who-we-are/history/interactive-timeline/1st-period/1831|publisher=Generali Group}}</ref>
* [[December 27]]
** The [[Baptist War]] (Christmas Rebellion) begins in [[Jamaica]], with the setting afire of the Kensington House in [[Saint James Parish, Jamaica|St James Parish]], inspiring thousands of black slaves to revolt against their British masters. At its peak, more than 20,000 people will be involved, and more than 500 killed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Andre C.|last=Drainville|title=A History of World Order and Resistance: The Making and Unmaking of Global Subjects|publisher=Routledge|year=2013}}</ref>
** [[Charles Darwin]] embarks from [[Plymouth]] on the [[Second voyage of HMS Beagle|second voyage of HMS ''Beagle'']] which will be the foundation for his life of scientific study. 
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Gramercy Park]] is deeded to New York City.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)]]: [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]]'s French-trained forces occupy [[Ottoman Syria]].
* Scholar [[Rifa'a at-Tahtawi]] returns from study in Paris to [[Egypt]], where he will participate in the [[Nahda]].
* Founding of educational establishments:
** [[Denison University]] in [[Granville, Ohio]]
** [[New York University]] in New York City
** [[Wesleyan University]] in [[Middletown, Connecticut]]
** [[Xavier University]] in [[Cincinnati]] (as "The Athenaeum")
** [[Wallinska skolan]], the first secondary school for girls in the Swedish capital of Stockholm.