Editing 1857 (section)

== Events ==
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; The biggest [[Estonia]]n newspaper, ''[[Postimees]]'', is established by [[Johann Voldemar Jannsen]].<ref>A Bertricau, Antoine Chalvin L'Estonie: identité et indépendance -- 2001 - Page 349 "1857 Johann Voldemar Jannsen fonde le Perno Postimees (devenu Eesti Postimees en 1864, puis Postimees en 1891)."</ref>
* [[January 7]] &ndash; The partly French-owned [[London General Omnibus Company]] begins operating.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[January 9]] &ndash; The 7.9 {{M|w}} [[1857 Fort Tejon earthquake|Fort Tejon earthquake]] shakes [[Central California|Central]] and [[Southern California]], with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX (''Violent'').<ref name=Stover>{{citation|last1=Stover|first1=C. W.|last2=Coffman|first2=J. L.|title=Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised) – U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bY0KAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]|pages= 72, 101, 102}}</ref>
* [[January 24]] &ndash; The [[University of Calcutta]] is established in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], as the first multidisciplinary modern university in [[South Asia]]. The [[University of Bombay]] is also established in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[British India]], this year.
* [[February 3]] &ndash; The National Deaf Mute College (later renamed [[Gallaudet University]]) is established in Washington, D.C., becoming the first school for the advanced education of the deaf.
* [[February 5]] &ndash; The [[Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857|Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States]] is promulgated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Día de la Constitución Mexicana (5 de Febrero) |url=http://www.sanmiguelguide.com/constitucion.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811203929/http://www.sanmiguelguide.com/constitucion.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 11, 2003 |work=Guia de San Miguel |year=2001 |access-date=2011-08-26 }}</ref>
* [[March]] &ndash; The Austrian garrison leaves [[Bucharest]].
* [[March 3]]
** France and the United Kingdom formally declare war on China, in the [[Second Anglo-Chinese War]].
** The [[The Great Slave Auction|largest slave auction in U.S. history]] is held, dubbed ''The Weeping Time''. Over a 2-day period (starting [[March 2]]), Pierce M. Butler sells 436 men, women, children, and infants, all of whom are kept in stalls meant for horses at a racetrack in [[Savannah, Georgia]], for weeks beforehand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2918.html|title=The Weeping Time|work=Africans in America|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]|access-date=2011-08-26}}</ref>
* [[March 6]] &ndash; ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'': The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that blacks are not citizens and slaves can not sue for freedom, driving the U.S. further towards the [[American Civil War]] (the ruling is not overturned until the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] is adopted in [[1868]]).
* [[March 8]]–[[March 12|12]] &ndash; [[Spirit Lake Massacre]], near [[Okoboji, Iowa|Okoboji]] and [[Spirit Lake, Iowa|Spirit]] lakes in the northwestern territory of [[Iowa]] near the [[Minnesota]] border.
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth Blackwell]] opens a hospital, the [[New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children]].
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Youssef Bey Karam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ehdenfamilytree.org/getperson.php?personID=I1&tree=ehden|title=Youssef KARAM, I b. May 1823 d. 7 Apr 1889: Ehden Family Tree}}</ref> is assigned, by the people of [[Ehden]] and [[Bsharri]], to be the region's ruler.
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Elisha Otis]]' first [[elevator]] is installed (at 488 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], New York City).
* [[March 25]] &ndash; The [[phonautograph]] is patented by French typesetter [[Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville]]. It is the earliest known device for recording [[sound]].<ref>{{Cite episode |title=1860 'Phonautograph' Is Earliest Known Recording |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89380697 |access-date=September 19, 2017 |series=Talk of the Nation |last=Flatow |first=Ira |network=NPR |date=April 4, 2008}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; The [[Anglo-Persian War]] ends.
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Mangal Pandey]] is hanged for [[mutiny]] against the [[British East India Company]] army; the execution is a precursor event to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom|Princess Beatrice]], the fifth daughter and the youngest child of [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], is born.
* [[April 18]] &ndash; ''[[The Spirits' Book]]'' (''Le Livre des Esprits''), one of the ''Five Fundamental Works of [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]'', is published by French educator [[Allan Kardec]].
* [[April 27]] &ndash; First horse race run at [[Longchamp Racecourse]] in Paris.
* [[May 5]]–[[October 17]] &ndash; [[Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857|The Art Treasures of Great Britain]] exhibition is held in [[Manchester]], one of the largest such displays of all time.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odcHAAAAQAAJ|title=Exhibition of art treasures of the United Kingdom, held at Manchester in 1857: report of the Executive Committee|year=1859|publisher=George Simms}}</ref>
* [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]: The 3rd Light Cavalry of the [[British East India Company]]'s army rebels against its British officers, thus beginning the rebellion.
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]: Indian combatants capture [[Delhi]] from the British East India Company.
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Financial|financial group]], [[Banco Santander]] founded in [[Cantabria]], Spain.
* [[May 28]] &ndash; Banco de Bilbao, as predecessor of [[Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria|BBVA]] is founded in Spain.
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Second Anglo-Chinese War]]: [[Battle of Fatshan Creek]] &ndash; The British Royal Navy defeats the Cantonese fleet of Qing dynasty China. 
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Sophia of Nassau]] marries the future King [[Oscar II of Sweden|Oscar II]] of [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden–Norway]].
* [[June 12]] &ndash; U.S. mercenary [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]] is overthrown as ruler of [[Nicaragua]] by Honduran general [[Florencio Xatruch]].
* [[June 20]] &ndash; The [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London is officially opened by [[Queen Victoria]].
* [[June 26]] &ndash; At a ceremony in London, [[Queen Victoria]] awards the first 66 [[Victoria Cross]]es to [[British Empire|British]] troops, for actions during the [[Crimean War]].<ref name="Pocket On This Day"/>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 1]]&ndash;[[November 19]] &ndash; [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]: [[Siege of Lucknow]].
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]: The second massacre at [[Siege of Cawnpore|Kanpur]] takes place.
* [[July 18]]
** The Utah Expedition leaves [[Fort Leavenworth]], effectively beginning the [[Utah War]].
** [[Prison hulk]]s are used for the last time in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gossett|first=William Patrick|year=1986|title=The lost ships of the Royal Navy, 1793–1900|publisher=Mansell|isbn=0-7201-1816-6|page=114}}</ref>
* [[August 20]] &ndash; The ''[[Dunbar (ship)|Dunbar]]'' wrecks near the entrance to [[Sydney Harbour]], Australia, with the loss of 121 lives.
* [[August 28]] &ndash; The [[Matrimonial Causes Act 1857|Matrimonial Causes Act]] makes divorce without [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|parliamentary]] approval legal in the United Kingdom.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=277–278|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[September]] &ndash; The [[Panic of 1857]] begins: Speculation in U.S. railroad shares, and the collapse on [[August 24]] of the New York City branch of the [[Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company]], following widespread [[embezzlement]], trigger a financial crisis which will extend to Europe.
* [[September 11]] &ndash; The [[Mountain Meadows massacre]] occurs in [[Utah]].
* [[September 12]] &ndash; The {{SS|Central America}} sinks off the coast of [[North Carolina]] with the loss of 425 lives.
* [[September 20]] &ndash; [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]: British forces recapture [[Delhi]],<ref name=CBH/> compelling the surrender of [[Bahadur Shah II]], the last [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]].
* [[September 22]] (September 10 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) &ndash; [[Russian ship of the line Lefort|Russian ship of the line ''Lefort'']] sinks in the [[Gulf of Finland]] during a sudden [[squall]] with the loss of 826 lives;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spbae.ru/reinfeldt_2004.htm|title=On the Wreck of the Warship Le Fort|first=G. A.|last=Reinfeldt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827173645/http://spbae.ru/reinfeldt_2004.htm|language=Russian|accessdate=2021-09-22|archive-date=August 27, 2011}}</ref> 30 other ships are wrecked in the same storm.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 13]] &ndash; [[Panic of 1857]]: New York banks close, and do not reopen until [[December 12]].
* [[October 24]]
** [[Sheffield F.C.]], the world's first [[association football]] team, is founded in [[Sheffield]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].
** [[Escape of 28 enslaved people from Maryland (1857)|28 enslaved people]] escape their enslavers in [[Maryland]].
* [[November 1]] &ndash; The ''Indus Valley Region'' (i.e., [[Pakistan]] ''Region'') is incorporated  as part of [[British India]], for the next 90 years until [[1947]].
* [[November 16]] &ndash; [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]: British troops win 24 [[Victoria Cross]]es in action this day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/victoriacross.asp|title=Victoria Cross Registers|publisher=The National Archives (UK)|access-date=2008-04-11}}</ref>
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[President of Mexico]] [[Ignacio Comonfort]] is succeeded by [[Félix María Zuloaga]].
* [[December]] &ndash; The [[Reform War]] in [[History of Mexico|Mexico]] begins.
* [[December 7]] &ndash; U.S. Consul in Japan [[Townsend Harris]] meets the Shogun in Edo in a diplomatic reception, the first ever meeting between the Shogun and a foreign diplomat. 
* [[December 16]] &ndash; The 7.0 {{M|w|link=y}} [[1857 Basilicata earthquake|Basilicata earthquake]] shakes the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] (Southern Italy) with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''Extreme''), killing about 10,000 people.
* [[December 20]] &ndash; Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] issues a decree, ''Es ist Mein Wille'', which leads to the demolition of the [[city walls]] of [[Vienna]], allowing the construction of the [[Ringstraße]].
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Second Anglo-Chinese War]]: [[Battle of Canton (1857)|2nd Battle of Canton]] &ndash; British and French forces begin an assault on the Qing dynasty Chinese city of Canton ([[Guangzhou]]). 
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Queen Victoria]] chooses [[Ottawa]] as the capital of Canada.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Liberia]] annexes the [[Republic of Maryland]] as native groups (notably [[Grebo people]] and [[Kru people]]) continually attack and kill settlers in [[Cape Palmas]].
* The first commercial [[tea plantation]] in the [[British Raj]] is opened in the [[Malnicherra Tea Estate|Mulnicherra Estate]] in [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/130465|newspaper=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]]|title=Tea cultivation|date=Dec 31, 2017}}</ref>
* The [[Mormons]] abandon [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]].
* [[Kuala Lumpur]], the future capital of [[Malaysia]], is founded as a [[tin mining]] settlement.
* [[La Tène culture]] artifacts are discovered in Switzerland, by [[Hansli Kopp]].
* [[Illinois State University]], the first public university in [[Illinois]], is established in [[Normal, Illinois]].
* [[San Jose State University|San Jose State]], the first public U.S. university west of the Mississippi River, opens in San Francisco as [[Minns Evening Normal School|Minn's Evening School]].
* [[Bucharest]] becomes the world's first city to have its streets illuminated by [[kerosene lamp]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Romanian Inventions|journal=The Reminder|issue=46|date=June 1983|page=3 (suppl.)}}</ref>
* U.S. politician [[William Daniel (Maryland politician)|William Daniel]] proposes the [[Local Option]] for [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]].
* U.S. composer [[James Lord Pierpont]] composes "[[Jingle Bells]]", originally entitled "The One Horse Open Sleigh".
* Suzumoto [[Vaudeville]] Theater officially opens in Ueno region, [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]] (modern-day [[Tokyo]]) in Japan.