Editing 1858 (section)

== Events ==

=== January–March ===
* [[January 9]]
** [[Revolt of Rajab Ali]]: British forces finally defeat Rajab Ali Khan of [[Chittagong]].<ref name=sen>{{Cite book |last=Sen|first=Satyen|language=bn|trans-title=Story of the great rebellion|title=মহাবিদ্রোহের কাহিনী|pages=155–159}}</ref>
** [[Anson Jones]], the last president of the [[Republic of Texas]], commits suicide.
* [[January 14]] &ndash; [[Orsini affair]]: Piedmontese revolutionary [[Felice Orsini]] and his accomplices fail to assassinate [[Napoleon III]] in Paris, but their [[Orsini bomb|bomb]]s kill eight and wound 142 people. Because of the involvement of French émigrés living in Britain, there is a brief anti-British feeling in France, but the emperor refuses to support it. 
* [[January 25]] &ndash; The ''[[Wedding March (Mendelssohn)|Wedding March]]'' by [[Felix Mendelssohn]] becomes a popular wedding recessional, after it is played on this day at the marriage of [[Queen Victoria]]'s daughter [[Victoria, Princess Royal]], to [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Prince Friedrich of Prussia]] in [[St James's Palace]], London.<ref name="Pocket On This Day"/>
* [[January]]
**[[Benito Juárez]] becomes the Liberal [[President of Mexico]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Benito Juarez |url=https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/j/juarez.htm|language=es|access-date=June 8, 2019}}</ref> and its first indigenous president. At the same time, the [[conservatives]] installed [[Félix María Zuloaga]] as a rival president.<ref name="robles"></ref>
**[[William I of Prussia]] becomes [[regent]] for his brother, [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Frederick William IV]], who has suffered a stroke.<ref name=DHM>{{cite web |url=http://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/biografie-wilhelm-i.html |title=Biografie Wilhelm I |language=German |publisher=Deutsches Historisches Museum |access-date=12 June 2013 }}</ref> After Prince William's term acting as a  regent for the King had been extended three times, the ailing Frederick William signed a regency charter for him on 7 October 1858, based on an expert opinion from the royal personal physicians.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 1858 |title=Aus Preußen |language=de |trans-title=From Prussia |page=1 |work=Wiener Zeitung |url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?apm=0&aid=wrz&datum=18581011&seite=1}}</ref>
* [[February]]
* [[Queen Victoria]] announces her choice of [[Ottawa]] as capital of the [[Province of Canada]].
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Lourdes apparitions]]: Pauper girl [[Bernadette Soubirous]] of [[Lourdes]], fourteen, has a [[Vision (spirituality)|vision]] at the grotto of Massabielle, the first in a series of eighteen events which will come to be regarded as [[Marian apparition]]s.
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Richard Francis Burton]] and [[John Hanning Speke]] become the first Europeans to discover [[Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[March 13]] &ndash; [[Felice Orsini]] is executed by [[guillotine]] for the attempted assassination of [[Napoleon III]] of France.
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]]: British troops retake [[Lucknow]].
* [[March 30]] &ndash; [[Hymen Lipman]] patents a [[pencil]] with an attached [[eraser]] in the United States.

=== April–June ===
* [[April 16]] – The [[Wernerian Natural History Society]], a former Scottish [[learned society]], is wound up.
* [[April 19]] – The United States signs a treaty with the [[Yankton Sioux Tribe]].
* [[April 28]]–[[May 1]] – [[Battle of Grahovac]]: The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] are decisively defeated by  [[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] forces. The [[Bawani Imli massacre]], (April 28) where 52 Indian freedom fighters were hanged to death on a tamarind tree by British colonial forces.
* [[May 11]] – [[Minnesota]] is admitted as the 32nd [[U.S. state]].
* [[May 13]] – [[John Ruskin]] begins a tour of Europe; he considers it a significant turning point in his life.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Ruskin|title=Letters From The Continent, 1858|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersfromconti0000rusk|url-access=registration|editor=Hayman, John|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1982|isbn=0-8020-5583-4}}</ref>
* [[May 14]] – [[David Livingstone]]'s 6-year [[Second Zambesi expedition]] arrives at the African coast.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Zambesi Expedition |url=http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/companion.php?id=HIST4 |work=Livingstone Online |access-date=2011-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302014847/https://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/companion.php?id=HIST4 |archive-date=March 2, 2012 }}</ref>
* [[May 19]] – "[[Bleeding Kansas]]: The [[Marais des Cygnes massacre]] is perpetrated by pro-slavery forces in the U.S. state of [[Kansas]].
* [[May]]–July – [[Mahtra War]]: Peasants in the [[Governorate of Estonia]], [[Russian Empire]] revolt against ongoing [[serfdom]], which was officially abolished in [[1816]].
* [[May]] (unknown date) – [[Japan]]ese [[Trading|trading company]], [[Itochu]] founded in [[Toyosato, Shiga]] [[Prefecture]], Japan.{{page needed|date=April 2020}}
* [[June 2]] – [[Comet Donati]], the first comet to be photographed, is discovered by [[Giovanni Battista Donati]], and remains visible for several months afterwards.
* [[June 13]]–[[June 17|17]] – The [[Treaty of Tientsin]] is signed, ending the first part of the [[Second Opium War]].
* [[June 16]] – [[Abraham Lincoln]] accepts the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] nomination for a seat in the [[United States Senate]], delivering [[Lincoln's House Divided Speech|his ''House Divided'' speech]] in [[Springfield, Illinois]].
* [[June 17]] – The [[Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad]] opens, operating 95 miles from [[Goldsboro, North Carolina|Goldsboro]], [[North Carolina]], to [[New Bern, North Carolina|New Bern]], North Carolina.<ref>[http://www.historync.org/railroads.htm CommunicationSolutions/ISI, "Railroads — prior to the Civil War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726152211/http://historync.org/railroads.htm |date=July 26, 2011 }}, ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010.</ref>
* [[June 18]] – The Queen of Jhansi, [[Rani Lakshmibai]], dies at 30 at [[Gwalior]], having been mortally wounded in combat against the British.
* [[June 19]] – A six-minute earthquake destroys much of [[Mexico City]] and devastates [[Texcoco, State of Mexico|Texcoco]].
* [[June 20]] – [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]: The last rebels surrender in [[Gwalior]].
* [[June 23]] – Police of the [[Papal States]] seize Jewish boy [[Edgardo Mortara]], and take him away to be raised as a Catholic.

=== July–September ===
* [[July 1]] – [[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection|A joint presentation]] of papers by [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] and [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], announcing a theory of evolution by natural selection, are read at London's [[Linnean Society]].
* [[July 8]] – A peace treaty ends the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]].
* [[July 12]] –  ''[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]'', a daily newspaper still in circulation, begins publication in [[Adelaide]], Australia.
* [[July 17]] – The [[HMS Lutine (1779)|Lutine bell]] is salvaged, and subsequently hung in [[Lloyd's of London]].
* [[July 28]] – In [[Bengal]], India, British officer [[William James Herschel]] uses the hand impression of Rajyadhar Konai, as a [[contract]] [[fingerprint]] signature.
* [[July 29]] –  The United States and Japan sign the [[Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan)|Treaty of Amity and Commerce]], negotiated by [[Townsend Harris]].
* [[July]]
** [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] goads Austria into attacking [[Sardinia]].
** [[Pike's Peak Gold Rush]]: [[Fifty-Niner]]s stream into the [[Rocky Mountains]] of the western United States.
* [[August 2]]
** The [[Government of India Act 1858|Government of India Act]], passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], transfers the territories of the British [[East India Company]] and their administration to the direct rule of the [[British Crown]], through a [[Secretary of State for India]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|year=1989|title=A New History of India|edition=3rd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofindi0003wolp/page/239 239–40]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-505637-X|url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofindi0003wolp/page/239}}</ref>
** A bill is passed to create a modern sewage system in London as a result of [[the Great Stink]], when the heat of the summer made the smell from sewage in the Thames unbearable.
* [[August 5]] – [[Cyrus West Field]] and others complete the first transatlantic [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] cable, after several unsuccessful attempts. The service ends on [[September 1]], due to weak current.
* [[August 7]] – A football match, played under an unknown set of rules, is held between [[Melbourne Grammar School]] and [[Scotch College, Melbourne|Scotch College]].
* [[August 11]] – The [[Eiger]] is first ascended.
* [[August 16]] – U.S. President [[James Buchanan]] inaugurates the new trans-Atlantic [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] cable, by exchanging greetings with [[Queen Victoria]]. However, a weak signal forces a shutdown of the service in a few weeks.
* [[August 21]] – The first of the [[Lincoln–Douglas debates]] is held in [[Illinois]].
[[File:Atlanticcablestamp.jpg|thumb|230px|right| [[August 5]]: A commemorative stamp for the first [[transatlantic telegraph cable]].]]
* [[August]] – The first [[aerial photography]] is carried out by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], from a [[moored balloon]] in France.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brief history of aerial photography|url=http://findaerialphotography.com/history.php|publisher=www.findaerialphotography.com|year=2007|access-date=2015-01-02}}</ref>
* [[September 11]] – [[Dom (mountain)|Dom]], the third-highest summit in the Alps, is first ascended.
* [[September]] – [[Cochinchina Campaign]]: French warships, under [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]], attack and occupy [[Da Nang]], [[Vietnam]].

=== October–December ===
* [[October 21]] – [[Jacques Offenbach]]'s [[operetta]] ''[[Orpheus in the Underworld]]'', featuring music associated with the [[can-can]], is first performed in Paris.
* [[October 28]] – [[Macy's]] [[department store]], founded by [[Rowland Hussey Macy|R. H. Macy]], opens for business in New York City.
* [[November 12]] – [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein]], succeeds to the throne aged 18; he will rule until his death in [[1929]], the second-longest in European royal history and the longest precisely documented tenure of any monarch without a regent since antiquity.
* [[November 16]] – The 2,400,000th day of the [[epoch (astronomy)|Epoch]] of the [[Julian day]] is reached.
* [[November 17]] 
** The city of [[Denver, Colorado]], is founded.
**  Modified [[Julian day|Julian Day]] zero starts on this date.
* [[December 7]] — Mexican Conservative interim president [[Félix María Zuloaga]] proclaims the [[Plan of Tacubaya]] to abolish the [[Reform War|Reform Laws]], setting off a three-year civil war (1857–1860).<ref name="robles">{{cite web|title=El único y olvidado presidente de Guanajuato|url=https://www.ruletarusa.mx/lab/el-presidente-de-mexico-que-guanajuato-olvido/|website=Ruleta Rusia|date=January 12, 2017|language=es|trans-title=The only and forgotten president of Guanajuato|access-date=June 8, 2019}}</ref>
* [[December 24]] — [[Manuel Robles Pezuela]] (1817–1862) becomes Conservative president of Mexico.<ref name="robles"></ref>
* [[December 29]] – The Northern Railway Company is established in Madrid, Spain, with a purpose to construct the Northern Railway.
* [[December 30]] – [[Paraguay expedition]]: Seventeen U.S. Navy warships, under the command of [[William Shubrick]], depart from Uruguay on a mission to demand concessions from [[Paraguay]], and to go to war if necessary.

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Russian Empire]] changes its [[Flag of Russia|flag]].
* [[William M. Tweed]] begins his 13-year term as "[[Political boss|Boss]]" of [[Tammany Hall]].
* The ''[[haute couture]]'' firm of [[Charles Frederick Worth|Worth]] and Bobergh is established in Paris.
* [[The Miners Association]] is established in [[Cornwall]], England, UK.
* [[Feudalism]] and [[serfdom]] in [[Bulgaria]] are abolished in the Ottoman Empire (practically in [[1880]]).
* Squibb Pharmacy, as predecessor of [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]], a worldwide [[Pharmaceutical|pharmaceutical brand]], is founded in [[New York City|New York]], United States.{{page needed|date=May 2020}}