Editing 1870 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]]
** The first edition of ''[[The Northern Echo]]'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, [[Darlington]], England.
** Plans for the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] are completed.
* [[January 3]] &ndash; Construction of the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] begins in New York City.
* [[January 6]] &ndash; The ''[[Musikverein]]'', Vienna, is inaugurated in [[Austria-Hungary]].
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[John D. Rockefeller]] incorporates [[Standard Oil]].
* [[January 15]] &ndash; A [[political cartoon]] for the first time symbolizes the [[United States Democratic Party]] with a [[donkey]] (''A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion'' by [[Thomas Nast]] for ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'').
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Marias Massacre]]: U.S. soldiers attack a peaceful camp of [[Piegan Blackfeet]] Indians, led by chief Heavy Runner.
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Reconstruction Era]] (United States): [[Virginia]] rejoins the Union. This year it adopts a [[Constitution of Virginia#1870|new Constitution]], drawn up by [[John Curtiss Underwood]], expanding suffrage to all male citizens over 21, including [[freedmen]].
* [[January 28]] &ndash; British {{SS|City of Boston}} departs [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], on a transatlantic passage on which it will be lost with all 191 aboard.
* [[February]] &ndash; [[Denis Vrain-Lucas]] is sentenced to 2 years in prison for multiple [[forgery]], in Paris.
* [[February 1]] &ndash; [[Goodna State School]] in [[Goodna, Queensland]], Australia, is founded.
* [[February 2]]
** It is revealed that the famed [[Cardiff Giant]] in the U.S. is just carved [[gypsum]] and not the petrified remains of a human.
** ''[[The Seven Brothers]]'' (''Seitsemän veljestä''), a novel by Finnish author [[Aleksis Kivi]], is published first time in several thin booklets.<ref>[https://www.nurmijarvi.fi/aleksis-kivi/artikkelit/seitseman-veljesta-150-juhlavuosi/ Seitsemän veljestä 150 juhlavuosi – Nurmijärvi] (in Finnish)</ref>
* [[February 3]] &ndash; The [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], guaranteeing [[African American]] men the right to vote, is passed.
* [[February 9]] &ndash; The U.S. Army [[Weather Bureau]] is created within the [[Army Signal Corps]].
* [[February 10]] &ndash; [[Anaheim, California]], is incorporated.
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Women's suffrage]]: Women gain the [[right to vote]] in [[Utah Territory]].
* [[February 23]] &ndash; Military control of [[Mississippi]] ends and it is readmitted to the Union.
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Hiram Rhodes Revels]], a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] from Mississippi, is sworn into the [[United States Senate]], becoming the first African American to sit in the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]].
* [[February 26]]
** In New York City, the first [[pneumatic]] [[rapid transit|subway]], [[Beach Pneumatic Transit]], is opened.
** The German ''[[Commerzbank]]'' is founded in [[Hamburg]].
* [[February 27]] &ndash; The '''Nisshoki''' 'circle of the sun' [[flag of Japan]] is adopted as the national flag for Japanese merchant ships, by proclamation of the [[Daijō-kan]].
* [[February 28]] &ndash; The [[Bulgarian Exarchate]] is established, by decree of Sultan [[Abdülaziz]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[March]] &ndash; The [[Mitsubishi]] Company is established in Japan as a [[shipping]] firm, by [[Iwasaki Yatarō]] with [[Thomas Blake Glover]].
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of Cerro Corá]], [[Paraguay]]: Marshal [[Francisco Solano López]]'s last troops are cornered by those of the Triple Alliance. López refuses to surrender and is killed, ending the [[Paraguayan War]].
* [[March 4]] &ndash; [[Red River Rebellion]]: [[Thomas Scott (Orangeman)|Thomas Scott]] is executed by [[Louis Riel]]'s provisional government, in modern-day [[Manitoba]], Canada.
* [[March 5]] &ndash; The first ever international [[Association football]] match, [[England v Scotland (1870)|England v Scotland]], takes place under the auspices of [[the Football Association]] at [[The Oval]], London.
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Deutsche Bank]] is founded in Berlin.
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870]], passed in British India by Natalia Fish.
* [[March 19]] &ndash; The Ohio Legislature passes the Cannon Act, thereby establishing the Ohio Agriculture and Mechanical College, later [[Ohio State University]].
* [[March 24]] 
** [[Syracuse University]] is established in New York (state) and officially opens.
** A Chilean prospecting party led by José Díaz Gana discovers the silver ores of [[Caracoles]] in the Bolivian portion of [[Atacama Desert]],<ref name=arqueo>{{Cite journal |title=Arquelogía histórica en el mineral de Caracoles, Región de Antofagasta, Chile (1870-1989) |journal=Revista de Arqueología Histórica Argentina y Latinoamericana |url= |last1=García-Albarido |first1=Francisco |issue= |volume=4 |pages=169–194 |last2=Lorca |first2=Rodrigo |year=2010 |language=Spanish |last3=Rivera |first3=Francisco}}</ref>  leading to the last of [[Chilean silver rush|Chilean silver rushes]]<ref name=ChSI>{{Cite book | isbn = 978-0-521-43375-4 | title = Chile Since Independence | editor1-last = Bethell | editor1-first= Leslie | year = 1993 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | location = [[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]]| pages = 13–14 | oclc = 25873947 | lccn = 92017160 }}<!-- Bethel, "Chile Since Independence", 1993 --></ref> and a diplomatic dispute over its taxation between Chile and [[Bolivia]].<ref name=mem2>{{Cite web
 | url   = https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-92800.html
 | title = Mineral de Caracoles
 |trans-title=
 | website  = [[Memoria Chilena]]
 | publisher  = [[Biblioteca Nacional de Chile]]
 | language = es
}}</ref>
* [[March 30]]
** The [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], giving African American men the right to vote, is ratified.
** [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]]: [[Texas]] is readmitted to the Union.
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Thomas Mundy Peterson]] is the first African American to vote in an election.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 11]] – A [[1870 Batang earthquake|7.3 earthquake]] shakes the Chinese county of [[Batang County|Batang]] causing a fire that leaves about 5,000 dead.<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1138|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|year=1972|type=Data Set}}</ref>
* [[April 13]] &ndash; [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York City is established.
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]] begins his first term as [[President of Venezuela]].
* [[April 29]] &ndash; The Chicago Base Ball Club, later to be known as the Chicago White Stockings and ultimately the [[Chicago Cubs]], play their first game against the St. Louis Unions of the [[National Association of Base Ball Players]], an amateur league.
* [[May 12]]
** The Canadian province of [[Manitoba]] is created, in response to [[Louis Riel]]'s [[Red River Rebellion]].
** The [[Port Adelaide Football Club]] is founded.
* [[May 14]] &ndash; The first [[rugby football|rugby]] match is played in New Zealand, between the Nelson Football Club and [[Nelson College]].
* [[May 25]] The [[Fenian Brotherhood]] [[Battle of Eccles Hill|attacks Eccles hill]], Quebec.
* [[June 8]] &ndash; The final splice on the first [[telegraph]] submarine cable between [[Great Britain]] and [[India]] is made.
* [[June 9]] &ndash; English novelist [[Charles Dickens]] dies at [[Gads Hill Place]] in [[Kent]], leaving his last book, ''[[The Mystery of Edwin Drood]]'', unfinished.
* [[June 21]] &ndash; The [[Tianjin Massacre]] of 17 foreigners (mostly European Christian priests and nuns) and 40 Chinese people who had converted to Christianity, takes place in China when an angry mob attacks churches established in the city.<ref name=Putnam>"China", in ''The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates'', ed. by George P. Putnam and F. B. Perkins (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1878) p. 133.</ref> 
* [[June 22]]
** The office of the [[Solicitor General of the United States]] is set up, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the [[United States Supreme Court]].
** The [[U.S. Congress]] creates the [[United States Department of Justice]].
* [[June 23]] &ndash;The first message by [[electric telegraph]] using the [[Great Britain]] to [[India]] submarine cable is sent from [[London]].
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera ''[[Die Walküre]]'' is first performed at [[Munich]]'s [[National Theatre Munich|National Theatre]].
* [[June 28]] &ndash; American President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] signs an act making the [[United States Independence Day]],  [[Thanksgiving Day (United States)|Thanksgiving Day]], [[Christmas Day]] and [[New Year's Day]] federal holidays in the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4608452/christmas-america-national-holiday/|title=The Surprising Story of Christmas in the United States|magazine=Time|language=en|author=Olivia B. Waxman|date=23 December 2016|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 14]] &ndash; The [[Ems Dispatch]] is published, serving as ''[[casus belli]]'' for a war between [[Prussia]] and France.
* [[July 15]]
** [[Reconstruction Era]]: [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] becomes the last former [[Confederate States of America|Confederate state of America]] to be readmitted to the Union.
** The British government admits the former [[Hudson's Bay Company]] territory of [[Rupert's Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]] to the Dominion of Canada.
* [[July 18]] &ndash; ''[[Pastor aeternus]]'': [[Pope Pius IX]] declares [[papal infallibility]], in matters of faith and morals.
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Franco-Prussian War]]: France declares war on [[Prussia]].
* [[July 28]] &ndash; Start of [[Solar Saros 153]]. The final eclipse in this series will be in 3114.
* [[July 30]] &ndash; The '[[Griqualand West#Diggers Republic (1870-71)|Diggers' Republic]]' is proclaimed at Klipdrift in South Africa by diamond miners, with [[Stafford Parker]] as president.
* [[August 2]] &ndash; The [[Tower Subway]] beneath the [[River Thames]] in London, the world's first underground passenger "tube" railway, officially opens.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=978-0-14-102715-9|year=2006}}</ref> Although this lasts as a railway operation only until November, it demonstrates the technologically successful first use of the cylindrical [[wrought iron]] [[tunnelling shield]], devised by [[Peter W. Barlow]] and [[James Henry Greathead]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Denis|title=Civil Engineering Heritage: London and the Thames Valley|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=2001|pages=22–23|isbn=978-0-7277-2876-0}}</ref> and of a permanent tunnel lining of [[cast iron]] segments.<ref>{{cite book|last=West|first=Graham|title=Innovation and the Rise of the Tunnelling Industry|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|pages=116–118|isbn=978-0-521-33512-6}}</ref>
* [[August 8]] &ndash; The [[Republic of Ploiești]], an uprising against [[Domnitor]] [[Carol I of Romania|Carol]] of [[Romania]], fails.
* [[August 24]] &ndash; The [[Red River Rebellion]] in Canada ends with the arrival of the [[Wolseley Expedition]] and the flight of [[Louis Riel]].
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Franco-Prussian War]]: [[Battle of Sedan]] &ndash; [[Prussia]]n forces defeat the French armies and take Emperor [[Napoleon III]] and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner at [[Sedan, France]].
* [[September 4]] &ndash; Emperor [[Napoleon III]] of France is deposed and the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] is declared. [[Empress Eugénie]] flees to England with her son.
* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Louisa Swain]] of Laramie, Wyoming, becomes the first woman in the United States to cast a vote legally since [[1807]].
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Old Faithful Geyser]] is observed and named by [[Henry D. Washburn]], during the [[Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition]] to [[Yellowstone]] in Wyoming.
* [[September 19]] &ndash; [[Franco-Prussian War]]: The [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)]] begins. From September 23, [[balloon mail]] is sent out of the city.
* [[September 20]] &ndash; [[Capture of Rome]]; With ''[[Bersaglieri]]'' soldiers entering Rome at [[Porta Pia]], the [[unification of Italy]] is completed, ending the last remnant of the [[Papal States]] and [[Temporal power (papal)|Papal temporal power]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 2]] &ndash; A [[Referendum|plebiscite]] held in Rome supports, by 133,681 votes to 1,507, the annexation of the city by Italy.
* [[October 6]] &ndash; Rome becomes the capital of [[Italian unification|unified Italy]].
* [[October 8]] &ndash; [[Léon Gambetta]] escapes besieged Paris in a [[hot-air balloon]].
* [[October 20]]
** The [[First Vatican Council]] adjourns.
** A [[1870 Charlevoix earthquake|6.6 earthquake]] shakes the Canadian province of [[Quebec]], killing 6 people.<ref name="anss">{{cite anss|M 6.6 - Near Baie-Saint-Paul, Quebec, Canada|1870| ott18701020163000000}}</ref>
* [[October 26]] &ndash; The Chinese leaders of June's [[Tianjin Massacre]] of foreigners are executed by China's Imperial government.<ref name=Putnam/>
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Franco-Prussian War]]: [[Siege of Metz (1870)|Siege of Metz]] &ndash; Marshal [[François Achille Bazaine]], commanding the French left wing, is forced by starvation to surrender the [[fortifications of Metz]].
* [[November 1]] &ndash; In the United States, the newly created Weather Bureau (later renamed the [[National Weather Service]]) makes its first official [[Meteorology|meteorological]] forecast: "High winds at Chicago and Milwaukee... and along the Lakes".
* [[November 16]] &ndash; The Spanish [[Cortes Generales]] proclaims Amadeo de Saboya as King [[Amadeo I of Spain]].
* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[Joseph H. Rainey]] of South Carolina becomes the second black U.S. congressman (following Hiram Rhodes Revels in February).
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Juan Prim]], prime minister of Spain, is shot by unknown assassins on leaving the Cortes, dying two days later.
* [[December 31]]
** [[Henry Barkly|Sir Henry Barkly]] is appointed [[Cape Colony#Governors of the Cape of Good Hope (1797–1910)|Governor of the Cape of Good Hope]] and [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa]].
** The {{convert|12.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Fréjus Rail Tunnel]] through the [[Alps]] is completed.

=== Date unknown ===
* David Kenyon invents the [[fireman's pole]] in Chicago.
* [[Graeter's]] ice cream is originated in Cincinnati, Ohio.
* Just one of the 916 members of the [[Indian Civil Service]] is Indian.