Editing 1873 (section)

== Events ==

===January&ndash;March===
* [[January 1]]
** [[Japanese calendar|Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar]].
** The [[California Penal Code]] goes into effect.
* [[January 17]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: [[Modoc War]]: [[First Battle of the Stronghold]] &ndash; Modoc Indians defeat the [[United States Army]].
* [[February 11]] &ndash; The Spanish [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] deposes King [[Amadeo I of Spain|Amadeus I]], and proclaims the [[First Spanish Republic]].
* [[February 12]] 
** [[Emilio Castelar]], the former foreign minister, becomes prime minister of the new Spanish Republic.
** The [[Coinage Act of 1873]] in the United States is signed into law by President [[Ulysses S. Grant]]; coming into effect on [[April 1]], it ends [[bimetallism]] in the U.S., and places the country on the [[gold standard]].
* [[February 20]]
** The [[University of California]] opens its first [[medical school]] in [[San Francisco]].
** British naval officer John Moresby discovers the site of [[Port Moresby]] in Papua New Guinea, and claims the land for Britain.
* [[March 3]] &ndash; [[Censorship]]: The [[United States Congress]] enacts the [[Comstock Law]], making it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" books through the mail.
* [[March 15]] &ndash; The [[Phi Sigma Kappa]] student fraternity is founded at the [[Massachusetts Agricultural College]].
* [[March 22]] &ndash; Emancipation Day for [[Puerto Rico]]: Most slaves are freed.
* [[March 29]] &ndash; The ''[[Rio Tinto Company]]'' is formed in Spain, following the [[February 17]] purchase of the Rio Tinto Mine from the Spanish government by a British investment group.

===April&ndash;June===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; British ocean liner {{RMS|Atlantic}} sinks off [[Nova Scotia]], killing 547.
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[The Kennel Club]], the world's first [[kennel club]], is founded in the United Kingdom.
* [[April 13]] – [[Colfax massacre]]: More than 60 to 150 black men are murdered in [[Colfax, Louisiana]], while surrendering to a mob of former Confederate soldiers and members of the [[Ku Klux Klan]].
* [[April 15]]&ndash;[[April 17|17]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: The [[Second Battle of the Stronghold]] is fought.
* [[April 19]] &ndash; In [[Richmond, Rhode Island]], 11 people perish in a train derailment, due to a bridge washout in the village of Richmond Switch (modern-day [[Wood River Junction, Rhode Island|Wood River Junction]]). 
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Third Carlist War]] EVENTS IN MADRID, SPAIN -- Brigadier General Carmona confronts the insurgents at the Madrid bullring.
* [[May]] &ndash; Henry Rose exhibits [[barbed wire]] at an [[Illinois]] county fair, which is taken up by [[Joseph Glidden]] and [[Jacob Haish]], who invent a machine to mass-produce it.
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Third Carlist War]] in Spain: Battle of Eraul &ndash; Carlists under General Dorregaray defeat Republicans at Eraul, near Estella.
* [[May 9]]
** ''Der Gründerkrach'': The [[Wiener Börse]] ([[Vienna]] stock exchange) crash in [[Austria-Hungary]] ends the ''[[Gründerzeit]]'', and heralds the global [[Panic of 1873]] and [[Long Depression]].
** [[Third Carlist War]]: The Battle of Montejurra is fought at Navarra, Spain.
* [[May 20]]
** [[Levi Strauss]] and [[Jacob Davis (inventor)|Jacob Davis]] receive United States [[patent#139121]], for using [[copper]] [[rivets]] to strengthen the pockets of [[denim]] work pants. [[Levi Strauss & Co.]] begins manufacturing the famous Levi's brand of jeans, using fabric from the [[Amoskeag Manufacturing Company]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]].
** In [[Chipping Norton]], England, rioters attempt to free the [[Ascott Martyrs]] &ndash;16 women sentenced to imprisonment, for attempting to dissuade [[strikebreaker]]s in an agricultural labor dispute.
* [[May 23]]
** The Canadian Parliament establishes the [[North-West Mounted Police]] (which is renamed the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] in [[1920]]).
** The [[Preakness Stakes]] horse race is run for the first time in [[Baltimore]].
* [[May 27]] &ndash; Classical archaeologist [[Heinrich Schliemann]] discovers [[Priam's Treasure]].
* [[May 28]]
** C. Laan brings order to the chaos created by the dockworker riots of [[Tripoli, Lebanon]].
** The city of [[Khiva]] in Turkestan falls to [[Imperial Russia]]n forces, under the command of General [[Konstantin von Kaufman]].
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: The [[Modoc War]] ends with the capture of [[Kintpuash]] (''Captain Jack'').
* [[June 9]] &ndash; [[Alexandra Palace]] entertainment venue in London is destroyed by fire, only a fortnight after its opening.

===July&ndash;September===
* [[July]] &ndash; The end of the war between the United Kingdom and [[Ashanti people|Ghana]]'s King Kofi KariKari, who is involved in the trading of [[slaves]], leads to the establishment of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast Colony]].
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Prince Edward Island]] joins the [[Canadian Confederation]].
* [[July 5]] &ndash; New Rush in [[Griqualand West]], [[South Africa]], is renamed [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]].<ref name="Roberts, Brian">Roberts, Brian. 1976. ''Kimberley, turbulent city''. Cape Town: David Philip, p 115</ref>
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Third Carlist War]]: Battle of Alpens &ndash; Campaigning in Catalonia, a government column under General [[José Cabrinetty]] is ambushed at [[Alpens]], 15 miles east of Berga, by Carlist forces under General [[Francisco Savalls]]. After heavy fighting, with Cabrinety killed, virtually the entire column of 800 men is killed or captured.
* [[July 17]] &ndash; [[Richard Southey (colonial administrator)|Richard Southey]] becomes the first Lieutenant-Governor of [[Griqualand West]].<ref name="Griqua">[http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/griqualandwest/griqualandwestadmin.htm The British Empire: Griqualand West Administrators] (Accessed on 16 April 2017)</ref>
* [[July 21]] &ndash; At [[Adair, Iowa]], [[Jesse James]] and the [[James–Younger Gang]] pull off the first successful [[train robbery]] in the [[American Old West]] (US$3,000 from the Rock Island Express).
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Benjamin Pine|Sir Benjamin Pine]] becomes [[Colony of Natal#Lieutenant-governors|Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal]].
* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: While protecting a railroad survey party in [[Montana]], the [[7th Cavalry Regiment|Seventh Cavalry]], under Lieutenant Colonel [[George Armstrong Custer]], clashes for the first time with the [[Sioux]], near the [[Tongue River (Montana)|Tongue River]] (only 1 man on each side is killed).
* [[August 12]] &ndash; A peace treaty is signed between [[Imperial Russia]] and the [[Khanate of Khiva]], making the khanate a Russian protectorate.
* [[August 30]] &ndash; The [[Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition]] discovers [[Franz Josef Land]].<ref>[http://mapstor.com/news/this-day-in-history/30-08-2013-30thaugust-1873-the-arctic-archipelago-of-franz-josef-land-was-discovered.html This Day in History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222607/http://mapstor.com/news/this-day-in-history/30-08-2013-30thaugust-1873-the-arctic-archipelago-of-franz-josef-land-was-discovered.html |date=December 2, 2013 }}. Accessed 22 November 2013.</ref>
* [[September 15]] &ndash; The [[International Meteorological Organization]] (IMO) is established.
* [[September 16]] &ndash; German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity for the [[Franco-Prussian War]].
* [[September 17]] &ndash; The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, later [[Ohio State University]], opens its doors with 25 students, including 2 women.
* [[September 18]] &ndash; A New York stock market crash helps to trigger the [[Panic of 1873]], part of the [[Long Depression]].
* [[September 25]] &ndash; Classes begin at [[Drury University]] in [[Springfield, Missouri]].

===October&ndash;December===
* [[October]] &ndash; The [[Long Depression]] begins in the United States.
* [[November 7]]
** [[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]] becomes the second [[Prime Minister of Canada]].
** [[Third Carlist War]]: Battle of Montejurra &ndash; Determined to recapture the key city of [[Estella-Lizarra|Estella]] in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones advances on the Carlists under General Joaquín Elío at nearby [[Montejurra]]. After very heavy fighting both sides claim victory, but Moriones withdraws, and Estella remains in Carlist hands. Don Carlos is present in the front line.
* [[November 17]] &ndash; [[Budapest]], Hungary's capital, is formed from [[Pest (city)|Pest]], [[Buda]] and [[Óbuda]].
* [[November 18]]–[[November 21|21]] &ndash; [[Irish Home Rule movement]]: The [[Home Government Association]] reconstitutes itself as the [[Home Rule League]].
* [[November 22]] &ndash; {{SS|Ville du Havre}}, on passage from New York to France, collides with Scottish 3-masted iron clipper ''Loch Earn'' in mid-Atlantic and sinks in 12 minutes with the loss of 226 lives.
* [[December]] &ndash;  Major [[Walter Clopton Wingfield]] designs and [[patent]]s a [[List of sports#Racket sports|racquet sport]], which he calls ''sphairistike'' ([[Ancient Greek|Greek]] σφάίρίστική, "skill at playing at ball"), soon known simply as ''[[Stické]]'' and an ancestor of [[lawn tennis]], for the amusement of his guests at a garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in [[Llanelidan]], Wales.
* [[December 15]] &ndash; Women of [[Fredonia, New York]], march against the retail liquor dealers in town, to inaugurate the Woman's Crusade of 1873–74.
* [[December 16]] &ndash; The [[Heineken Brewery]] is founded in [[Amsterdam]], the Netherlands.
* [[December 19]] (December 7 OS) &ndash; [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]'s fantasia ''[[The Tempest (Tchaikovsky)|The Tempest]]'', composed between August and October, is premiered, in Moscow.
* [[December 21]] &ndash; French official [[Francis Garnier]] is attacked outside [[Hanoi]] by [[Black Flag Army|Black Flag]] mercenaries fighting for the [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]].
* [[December 22]] &ndash; [[Third Carlist War]]: Battle of Bocairente &ndash; Campaigning in Valenica, Spanish Republican General [[Valeriano Weyler]] is attacked at Bocairente, northwest of Alcoy, by a greatly superior Carlist force under General José Santés. Weyler is initially driven back, losing some of his guns, but in a brilliant counter-attack he turns defeat into victory, and Santés is heavily repulsed and forced to withdraw.
* [[December 23]] &ndash; The [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] is founded, in [[Hillsboro, Ohio]].
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Third Carlist War]]: Siege of Bilbao (until [[2 May]] [[1874]]) &ndash; Campaigning in [[Navarre]], Pretender Don Carlos VII and General Joaquín Elío besiege [[Bilbao]], held by General Ignacio del Castillo and 1,200 men. The Carlist force is ten times this number, and includes most of the troops from Navarre, [[Biscay|Vizcaya]] and [[Álava]], although a considerable force is left in Guipúzcoa. Despite defeat at nearby Somorrostro, Republican commander Marshal [[Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre|Francisco Serrano]], supported by Generals Manuel de la Concha and [[Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón|Arsenio Martínez-Campos]], brilliantly breaks the siege, and Concha then marches on Estella.

===Date unknown===
* The [[League of the Three Emperors]] is created. It links the conservative monarchs of [[Austria-Hungary]], the [[German Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]] in an alliance against radical movements.
* Founding in Canada of:
** [[Toronto Argonauts]] ([[Canadian football|football]]), the oldest professional sports team still playing in North America.
** [[Royal Montreal Golf Club|Royal Montreal Club]] in Montreal, the first permanent [[golf]] club in North America.
* [[Liebig's Extract of Meat Company]] begins producing tinned [[corned beef]], sold under the label [[Fray Bentos]], from the town in [[Uruguay]] where it is processed.
* [[Coors Brewing Company]] begins making [[beer]] in [[Golden, Colorado]].
* Konishiya Rokubei, predecessor of the [[Konica Minolta]] worldwide imaging brand, is founded in [[Tokyo]], Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.konicaminolta.com/global-en/corporate/history.html|title=History|publisher=Konica Minolta|accessdate=2022-11-10}}</ref>
* The [[Sweden|Swedish]] arms company Aktiebolaget (AB) Bofors-Gullspång, better known as [[Bofors]], is founded.
* In [[Mexico]], the [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]]–Mexico City railroad is completed.
* Nine [[American Pekin duck|Pekin duck]]s are imported to [[Long Island]] (the first in the United States).
* The [[Married Woman's Property Rights Association]] is founded in Sweden.
* Demonstration of an electric [[tram]] operated on [[Miller's line]] at [[Sestroretsk]] near [[Saint Petersburg]] in the Russian Empire by inventor [[Fyodor Pirotsky]].<ref>{{cite book|first=C. N.|last=Pyrgidis|title=Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation|publisher=CRC Press|year=2016|page=156}}</ref>