Editing 1875 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; The [[Midland Railway]] of England abolishes the Second Class passenger category, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies follow Midland's lead during the rest of the year (Third Class is renamed Second Class in [[1956]]).
* [[January 5]] &ndash; The [[Palais Garnier]], one of the most famous [[opera house]]s in the world, is inaugurated as the home of the Paris Opera.
* [[January 12]] &ndash; [[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu]] becomes the 11th [[Qing dynasty]] [[Emperor of China]] at the age of 3. He succeeds his cousin, the [[Tongzhi Emperor]], who had no sons of his own.
* [[January 14]] &ndash; The newly proclaimed King [[Alfonso XII of Spain]] (Queen [[Isabella II]]'s son) arrives in Spain to restore the monarchy during the [[Third Carlist War]].
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]' orchestral ''[[Danse macabre (Saint-Saëns)|Danse macabre]]'' receives its première.
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Third Carlist War]]: Battle of Lácar &ndash; Carlist commander [[Torcuato Mendiri|Torcuato Mendíri]] secures a brilliant victory, when he surprises and routs a Government force under General Enrique Bargés at Lácar, east of Estella, nearly capturing newly crowned King Alfonso XII. The Carlists take several pieces of artillery, more than 2,000 rifles, and 300 prisoners. 800 men of both sides are killed (mostly government troops).
* [[February 18]] &ndash; The [[Mason County War]] begins, as a German-American mob breaks into a prison, and lynches cattle rustlers in central [[Texas]].
* [[February 24]] &ndash; The {{SS|Gothenburg}} sinks off Australia's east coast with the loss of approximately 102 lives, including a number of high-profile civil servants and dignitaries.
* [[February 25]] &ndash; The majority of the [[Yavapai people|Yavapai]] (Wipukyipai) and [[Tonto Apache]] (Dil Zhéé) tribes are forced by the [[United States Cavalry]], under command of Brigadier General [[George Crook]], to walk at gunpoint from [[Arizona]]'s [[Verde Valley]], to the [[San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation]], 180 miles to the southeast. The two tribes are not allowed to return to the Verde Valley until [[1900]].
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Newton Booth]], 11th [[Governor of California]], resigns, having been elected [[U.S. Senator|Senator]]. [[Lieutenant Governor of California]] [[Romualdo Pacheco]] becomes acting Governor. He is later replaced by elected governor [[William Irwin (California politician)|William Irwin]].
* [[March 1]] &ndash; The [[United States Congress]] passes the [[Civil Rights Act of 1875|Civil Rights Act]], which prohibits racial discrimination in public accommodations and jury duty.
* [[March 3]]
** [[Bizet]]'s ''[[Carmen]]'' is first performed at the [[Opéra-Comique]], [[Paris]], [[France]], 3 month's before the composer's death.
** The [[Page Act of 1875]] is enacted in the United States, effectively prohibiting the immigration of Chinese women.<ref>{{cite book|first=Martin|last=Gold|title=Forbidden Citizens: Chinese Exclusion and the U.S. Congress: A Legislative History|publisher=TheCapitol.Net|year=2012|page=525}}</ref>
** The [[first indoor ice hockey game]] is played at the [[Victoria Skating Rink]] in [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada.
* [[March 15]] &ndash; [[Roman Catholic Archbishop of New York]] [[John McCloskey]] is named the first [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] in the United States.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* April &ndash; '[[Albert's swarm]]' of [[Rocky Mountain locust]]s begins to devastate the [[western United States]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lockwood|first=Jeffrey A.|title=Locust: the Devastating Rise and Mysterious Disappearance of the Insect that Shaped the American Frontier|year=2004|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=0-7382-0894-9}}</ref>
* [[April 10]] &ndash; The [[Arya Samaj]] is founded in Mumbai by Swami [[Dayananda Saraswati]].
* [[April 25]] &ndash; Ten [[sophomores]] from [[Rutgers University|Rutgers College]] (modern-day Rutgers University) steal a one-ton cannon from the campus of the [[Princeton University|College of New Jersey]] (modern-day Princeton University), and start the [[Rutgers–Princeton Cannon War]].
* [[May 7]]
** The [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)|Treaty of Saint Petersburg]] is signed between Japan and Russia.
** German liner {{SS|Schiller}} wrecks on the rocks off the [[Isles of Scilly]], with the loss of 335 lives.
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Aristides (horse)|Aristides]] wins the first [[Kentucky Derby]].
* [[May 20]] &ndash; The [[Metre Convention]] is signed in Paris, France.
* June &ndash; The record-setting American [[clipper]] ''[[Flying Cloud (clipper)|Flying Cloud]]'' of [[1851]] is burned for scrap metal.
* [[June 4]] &ndash; Two American colleges play each other in arguably the first game of [[college football]]:<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Ronald A.|title=Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics|url=https://archive.org/details/sportsfreedomris0000smit|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1988}}</ref> [[Tufts University]] and [[Harvard University]] at [[Jarvis Field]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].
* [[June 18]] &ndash; The [[Dublin whiskey fire]] in Ireland leaves 13 people dead and causes more than €6 million worth of damage.
* [[June 29]] &ndash; The [[Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875]] is passed in the United Kingdom, to permit [[Slum clearance in the United Kingdom|slum clearance]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[Summer]] &ndash; [[Third Carlist War]] in Spain: Two government armies under General Quesada and Martínez Campos start encroaching on Carlist territory. Both they and their Carlist opponent (Mendiri) drive opposing sympathisers from their homes, and burn crops in areas they can not hold. Several Carlist generals (Dorregaray, Savalls, and others) are unjustly put on trial for disloyalty. Mendiri is also removed from his command, and replaced by the Count of Caserta. Despite having 48 infantry battalions, 3 cavalry regiments, 2 engineer battalions, and 100 pieces of artillery at his disposal, Caserta is heavily outnumbered by the government forces opposing him.
* [[July 1]] &ndash; The [[General Postal Union]] is established.
* [[July 1]]–[[July 7|7]] &ndash; [[Third Carlist War]]: Battle of Treviño &ndash;  Advancing on the key city of Vitoria, in Navarre, Spanish Republican commander General Jenardo de Quesada sends General Tello to attack the Carlist lines just to the southwest, at Treviño. The newly appointed Carlist commander General José Pérula is heavily defeated and withdraws, and soon afterwards Quesada enters Vitoria in triumph.
* [[July 9]] &ndash; Asia's first [[stock exchange]] is established as ''The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association'' (the modern-day [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]).
* [[July 11]] &ndash; Tanaka Manufacturing, a telecommunications factory in [[Ginza]], [[Tokyo]], a predecessor of [[Toshiba]], a [[Japan]]ese [[Electromechanics|electromechanics giant]], is founded.<ref>[[:ja:田中久重/田中製造所の設立と晩年]] (Japanese language edition) Retribute date 4 December 2018.</ref>
* [[July 28]] &ndash; [[Joe Borden]] throws the first [[no-hitter]] in baseball history versus [[Mike Golden (baseball)|Mike Golden]] and the [[History of the Chicago Cubs#1870:_The_Chicago_White_Stockings_Base_Ball_Club|Chicago White Stockings]] in his third start as a replacement for [[Cherokee Fisher]] as a member of the [[Philadelphia White Stockings]]
* [[August 6]] &ndash; [[Hibernian F.C.]] is founded by Irishmen in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hibernianfc.co.uk/page/TimelineDetail/0,,10290~1750510,00.html|title=The Origins of Hibernian - Part 1|work=Hibernian FC: The Official Website|date=2009-08-11|access-date=2014-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304140749/http://www.hibernianfc.co.uk/page/TimelineDetail/0,,10290~1750510,00.html|archive-date=March 4, 2014}}</ref>
* [[August 25]] &ndash; Captain [[Matthew Webb]] becomes the first person to swim the [[English Channel]].
* [[September 1]] &ndash; A murder conviction begins to break the power of the violent [[Irish-American]] anti-owner coal miners, the "[[Molly Maguires]]", in Pennsylvania.
* [[September 7]] &ndash; Battle of Agurdat: An [[Egypt]]ian invasion of [[Ethiopia]] fails, when Emperor [[Yohannes IV of Ethiopia|Yohannes IV]] defeats an army led by [[Werner Munzinger]].
* [[September 11]] &ndash; Egypt [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar|adopts the Gregorian calendar]], having previously used the [[Coptic calendar|Alexandrian calendar]].
* [[September 24]] &ndash; The 1864 play ''[[Heath Cobblers]]'' by [[Aleksis Kivi]] is premiered for the first time in [[Oulu|Oulu, Finland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://naytelmat.fi/a/aleksis-kivi|title=Aleksis Kivi|website=Naytelmat.fi|access-date=24 September 2023|language=fi}}</ref>
* [[September 27]] &ndash; American merchant sailing ship ''[[Ellen Southard]]'' is wrecked off [[Liverpool]] in England; 12 crew and [[Lifeboat (rescue)|life-boat]]men are lost.
* [[September]] &ndash; English [[Association football]] team [[Birmingham City F.C.]] is founded as [[Small Heath, Birmingham|Small Heath]] Alliance in [[Birmingham]] by a group of [[cricket]]ers from [[Holy Trinity Church, Bordesley]], playing its first match in November.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Early Years 1875-1904|url=http://www.haynes.co.uk/football/PDFs/H5204spread2.pdf|work=When Football Was Football|publisher=Haynes|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October]] &ndash; The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] state declares partial [[bankruptcy]], and places its finances in the hands of European creditors. It is also suffering widespread nationalist rebellions resulting in Russian intervention and Great Power tensions.
* [[October 15]] &ndash; Chief Lone Horn of the [[Minneconjou]] dies at the [[Cheyenne River]], leaving his son [[Spotted Elk|Big Foot]] as the new chief.
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Brigham Young University]] is founded in [[Provo, Utah]].
* [[October 25]] &ndash; The first performance of the [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)|Piano Concerto No. 1]] by [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] is given in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], with [[Hans von Bülow]] as soloist.
* [[October 30]] &ndash; The [[Theosophical Society]] is founded in New York by [[Helena Blavatsky]], [[Henry Steel Olcott]], [[William Quan Judge]], and others.
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.]] is founded in England by two old-boys of [[Shrewsbury School]] following a meeting at the Leger Hotel, [[Blackburn]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=1875–1884: The early years|url=http://www.rovers.co.uk/page/ThroughTheYears/0,,10303~78737,00.html|publisher=Blackburn Rovers F.C.|date=2007-07-02|access-date=2011-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309030206/http://www.rovers.co.uk/page/ThroughTheYears/0%2C%2C10303~78737%2C00.html|archive-date=2009-03-09}}</ref>
* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: In Washington, D.C., Indian Inspector E.C. Watkins issues a report stating that hundreds of [[Sioux]] and [[Cheyenne]] associated with [[Sitting Bull]] and [[Crazy Horse]] are hostile to the United States (the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]] is fought in [[Montana]] the next year).
* [[November 16]] &ndash; Battle of Gundat: [[Ethiopia]]n Emperor [[Yohannes IV]] defeats another [[Egypt]]ian army.
* [[November 26]] &ndash; ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper in London reveals that [[Isma'il Pasha]] has sold [[Egypt]]'s 44% share in the [[Suez Canal]] to Britain, in a deal secured by [[Benjamin Disraeli]], without the prior sanction of the British Parliament.
* [[November 29]] &ndash; [[:ja:同志社英語学校|Dōshisha English School]], predecessor of [[Dōshisha University]], is founded in [[Kyōto]], Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Purpose of the Foundation of Doshisha University {{!}} About Doshisha {{!}} Doshisha University|url=https://www.doshisha.ac.jp/en/information/history/policy.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=www.doshisha.ac.jp}}</ref>
* [[December 4]] &ndash; Notorious New York City politician [[Boss Tweed]] escapes from prison and flees to Spain.
* [[December 6]]
** German emigrant ship [[SS Deutschland (1866)|SS ''Deutschland'']] runs aground off the English coast, resulting in the death of 157 passengers and crew.<ref>This inspires [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]]' poem ''[[The Wreck of the Deutschland]]'', not published until [[1918]].</ref>
** A [[firedamp]] [[explosion]] at Swaithe Main Colliery in the [[South Yorkshire Coalfield]] of England results in the death of 143 miners.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disasters – Names|url=http://www.dmm2.org.uk/uknames/u1875-01.htm|publisher=Durham Mining Museum|access-date=2010-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203125211/http://www.dmm2.org.uk/uknames/u1875-01.htm|archive-date=2008-12-03}}</ref>
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [https://www.massrifle.com The Massachusetts Rifle Association], America's oldest active gun club, is formed.
* [[December 20]] &ndash; The [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|ICRM]] is renamed the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC).
* [[December 25]] &ndash; The first [[Edinburgh derby]] in [[Association football]] is played: [[Heart of Midlothian F.C.]] wins 1–0 against [[Hibernian F.C.]]

=== Date unknown ===
* Convent Scandal: During the winter in Montreal, [[typhoid fever]] strikes at a [[convent school]]. The corpses of the victims are filched by [[Body-snatching|body-snatchers]] before relatives arrive from America, causing much furor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Richard|title=The Alarming History of Medicine|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|year=1994|isbn=0-312-10411-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/alarminghistoryo00gord/page/12 12]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/alarminghistoryo00gord/page/12}}</ref> Eventually the Anatomy Act of Quebec is changed over it.<ref>[http://www.hom.ucalgary.ca/Dayspapers2000.pdf History of Medicine Days] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040615183009/http://www.hom.ucalgary.ca/Dayspapers2000.pdf|date=2004-06-15}}, p. 132.</ref>
* At [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], Henry Cavendish Jones convinces the All England Croquet Club to replace a croquet lawn with a lawn tennis court.
* British Indian Army officer [[Neville Chamberlain (police officer)|Neville Chamberlain]] originates the cue sport of [[snooker]] at Jubbulpore ([[Jabalpur]]) in India.<ref>{{cite ODNB|last=Moreman|first=T. R.|date=May 2006|orig-year=2004|id=73766|title=Chamberlain, Sir Neville Francis Fitzgerald (1856–1944)}}</ref>
* The opening of [[Flushing High School]], the oldest public high school in New York City.