Editing 1877 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Queen Victoria]] is proclaimed [[Empress of India]] by the [[Royal Titles Act 1876]], introduced by [[Benjamin Disraeli]], the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] .
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Great Sioux War of 1876]]: [[Battle of Wolf Mountain]] &ndash; [[Crazy Horse]] and his warriors fight their last battle with the [[United States Cavalry]] in [[Montana]].
* [[January 20]] &ndash; The Conference of Constantinople ends, with [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkey]] rejecting proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions.
* [[January 29]] &ndash; The [[Satsuma Rebellion]], a revolt of disaffected [[samurai]] in Japan, breaks out against the new imperial government; it lasts until September, when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees.<ref>{{cite book|first=Augustus H.|last=Mounsey|author-link=Augustus Henry Mounsey|title=The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History|url=https://archive.org/details/satsumarebellio01moungoog|location=London|publisher=John Murray|year=1879}}</ref>
* [[February 17]] &ndash; Major General [[Charles George Gordon]] of the [[British Army]] is appointed [[Governor-General of the Sudan]].<ref>Pierre Crabitès, ''Gordon: The Sudan and Slavery'' (Routledge, 2016)</ref> 
* [[March]] &ndash; ''[[The Nineteenth Century (periodical)|The Nineteenth Century]]'' magazine is founded in London.
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Compromise of 1877]]: The [[1876 United States presidential election]] is resolved with the selection of [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] as the winner, even though [[Samuel J. Tilden]] won the popular vote on [[November 7]], [[1876]].
* [[March 4]]
** [[Emile Berliner]] [[patent]]s the [[microphone]] in the United States.
** [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]'s ballet ''[[Swan Lake]]'' debuts in Moscow.
* [[March 15]] &ndash; [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77]]: The first [[Test cricket]] match is held between England and Australia.
* [[March 24]] &ndash; For the only time in history, [[The Boat Race]] between the Universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] is declared a "dead heat" (i.e., a draw).

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; Following years of murders of [[Sharecropping|sharecroppers]]{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} and U.S. army personnel by the former slave owners, the [[Reconstruction era]] of the U.S. ends when Union troops pull out of the [[Southern United States|South-Eastern American States]]. This leaves the former slaves at the mercy of their owners{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}, and begins the [[Gilded Age]] when large businesses begin [[monopolization]] of the American economy{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}.  
* [[April 10]] &ndash; The first [[human cannonball]] act in the British Isles, and perhaps the world, is performed by 17-year-old [[Rossa Matilda Richter]] ("Zazel") at the London [[Royal Aquarium]].<ref>''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]''.</ref>
* [[April 12]]
** The United Kingdom annexes the [[South African Republic]], violating the [[Sand River Convention]] of [[1852]], causing the [[First Boer War]].
** The [[University of Tokyo]] is officially established in [[Japan]].
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]]: [[Russian Empire|Russia]] declares war on the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Great Sioux War of 1876]]: [[Sitting Bull]] leads his band of [[Lakota people|Lakota]] into [[Canada]], to avoid harassment by the U.S. Army under Colonel [[Nelson Miles]].
* [[May 6]] &ndash; Chief [[Crazy Horse]] of the [[Oglala Sioux]] surrenders to U.S. troops in Nebraska.
* [[May 8]]&ndash;[[May 11|11]] &ndash; At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first [[Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show]] is held.
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[1877 Iquique earthquake|Iquique Earthquake]] and [[tsunami]]: An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5 [[Surface wave magnitude|M<sub>s</sub>]] occurs on the west coast of South America, killing 2,541 around the [[Pacific Rim]].
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[16 May 1877 crisis]] in France: Parliament passes a no-confidence motion against the government appointed by [[Patrice de MacMahon|President MacMahon]].
* [[May 21]] (May 9 [[Old Style|O.S.]]) &ndash; By a speech in the [[Parliament of Romania]] by [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]], the country declares itself independent from the [[Ottoman Empire]] (recognized in [[1878]] after the end of the Romanian independence war).
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Henry Ossian Flipper]] becomes the first [[African American]] cadet to graduate from [[United States Military Academy|the U.S. Military Academy]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Lowell Dwight |last1=Black |first2=Sara Harrington |last2=Black |title=An Officer and a Gentleman: The Military Career of Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper |location=Dayton, Ohio |publisher=Lora Co. |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-96246-590-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1zfAAAAMAAJ |page=66 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=November 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129060155/https://books.google.com/books?id=L1zfAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: [[Battle of White Bird Canyon]] &ndash; The [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]] defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in the [[Idaho Territory]]. This begins the [[Nez Perce War]].
* [[June 20]] &ndash; [[Alexander Graham Bell]] installs the world's first commercial telephone service in [[Hamilton, Ontario]], Canada.
* [[June 21]] &ndash; The [[Molly Maguires]] are hanged at [[Carbon County, Pennsylvania|Carbon County]] Prison, in [[Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania|Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania]].
* [[June 26]] &ndash; The eruption of the volcano [[Cotopaxi]] in [[Ecuador]] causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000.
* [[June 30]] &ndash; The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to [[Besika Bay]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July]] &ndash; The serial publication of [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' is concluded, in ''[[The Russian Messenger]]''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Elizabeth|last=Stenbock-Fermor|title=The Architecture of Anna Karenina|publisher=B.R. Grüner|year=1975|isbn=1588116751}}</ref>
* [[July 1]] &ndash; An F4 tornado touches down near [[Gap, Pennsylvania]], and moves towards [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]]. A woman is killed near [[Ercildoun, Pennsylvania|Ercildoun]]; a man is killed near [[Parkesburg, Pennsylvania|Parkesburg]]; and possibly a third person dies. 4 homes are destroyed at Parkesburg and 20 buildings are destroyed at Ercildoun. 10 or more homes are leveled in Chester County.<ref>{{cite web|title=Requested Information for Lancaster County, PA|url=https://midsouthtornadoes.msstate.edu/index.php?cw=ctp|website=NWS State College Tornado Database|access-date=2022-09-30|archive-date=September 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924110605/https://midsouthtornadoes.msstate.edu/index.php?cw=ctp|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 9]]–[[July 19|19]] &ndash; The [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club]] stages the first [[Wimbledon Championships]] in lawn tennis.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref> English cricketer [[Spencer Gore (sportsman)|Spencer Gore]] becomes first [[List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions|Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champion]] (the only event held).
* [[July 16]] &ndash; [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877]]: Riots by [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] railroad workers in [[Baltimore]] lead to a [[sympathy strike]] and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a communist government, before U.S. President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] calls in the armed forces.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Robert V. Bruce|first=Robert V.|last=Bruce|title=1877: Year of Violence|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|year=1959}}</ref>
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]: The first battle in the [[siege of Plevna]] is fought.
* [[July 30]]
** [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]: The second battle in the [[siege of Plevna]] is fought.
** [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]: The Turkish army and its allies destroy the [[Bulgaria]]n city of [[Stara Zagora]] and massacre the inhabitants.
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: [[Battle of the Big Hole]] &ndash; Near [[Big Hole River]], [[Montana]], a small band of [[Nez Perce people]] who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the [[United States Army]]. The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory.
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Americans|American]] astronomer [[Asaph Hall]] discovers [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]], the outer [[natural satellite|moon]] of [[Mars]].
* [[August 18]] &ndash; Asaph Hall discovers [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]], the inner moon of [[Mars]].
* [[September 1]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Lovcha]], third battle in the [[siege of Plevna]], is fought. Russian forces successfully reduce the Ottoman fortress at [[Lovech|Lovcha]].
* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: Oglala [[Sioux]] chief [[Crazy Horse]] is [[bayonet]]ed by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at [[Fort Robinson]] in [[Nebraska]].
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Treaty 7]] is concluded between several mainly [[Blackfoot]] [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] tribes and the [[Canadian Confederation]], at the [[Blackfoot Crossing]] of the [[Bow River]], settling the Blackfoot on [[Indian reserve]]s in what will become southern [[Alberta]].
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Shiroyama]] in [[Kagoshima]], Japan: The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] annihilates heavily outnumbered rebel ''[[samurai]]'' under [[Saigō Takamori]] (who is killed), ending the [[Satsuma Rebellion]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 22]] &ndash; The [[Blantyre mining disaster]] in Scotland kills 207 miners.
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s first contemporary realist drama ''[[The Pillars of Society]]'' is premièred at the [[Odense Teater]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Facts about Pillars of Society|url=http://www.ibsen.net/index.gan?id=473|work=Ibsen.net|date=2001-08-10|first=Jens-Morten|last=Hanssen|access-date=2013-02-08}}</ref>
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Thomas Edison]] announces his invention of the [[phonograph]], a machine that can record sound, considered his first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time on [[November 29]].
* [[November 22]] &ndash; The first [[college lacrosse]] game is played between [[New York University]] and [[Manhattan University]].
* [[December 9]] &ndash; The fourth battle of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|Russo-Turkish War]] is fought, concluding the [[siege of Plevna]].
* [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Serbia]] restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey.
* [[December 17]] &ndash; Disastrous premiere of [[Anton Bruckner]]'s [[Symphony No. 3 (Bruckner)|Third Symphony in D minor]] at the [[Vienna Philharmonic]]
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[Symphony No. 2 (Brahms)|Brahms' Symphony No. 2]] premieres in Vienna.