Editing 1889 (section)

== Events ==

=== January–March ===
* [[January 1]]
** The total [[solar eclipse of January 1, 1889]] is seen over parts of [[California]] and [[Nevada]].
** Paiute spiritual leader [[Wovoka]] experiences a [[Vision (spirituality)|vision]], leading to the start of the [[Ghost Dance]] movement in [[the Dakotas]].
* [[January 4]] – An Act to Regulate Appointments in the Marine Hospital Service of the United States is signed by President [[Grover Cleveland]]. It establishes a Commissioned Corps of officers, as a predecessor to the modern-day U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.
* [[January 8]] – [[Herman Hollerith]] receives a patent for his electric [[tabulating machine]] in the United States.
* [[January 15]] – [[The Coca-Cola Company]] is originally [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] as the Pemberton Medicine Company in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].
* [[January 22]] – [[Columbia Phonograph]] is formed in Washington, D.C.
[[File:Rudolph & mary.jpg|thumb|upright|[[January 30]]: Suicide of [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria|Rudolf]] & [[Baroness Mary Vetsera|Mary]] at [[Mayerling]]]]
* [[January 30]] – [[Mayerling incident]]: [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria]], and his mistress [[Baroness Mary Vetsera]] commit a double suicide (or a murder-suicide) at the [[Mayerling]] hunting lodge in the Vienna Woods.
* [[February 11]] – The [[Meiji Constitution]] of Japan is adopted; the 1st [[Diet of Japan]] convenes in [[1890]].
* [[February 15]] – The first issue of the Filipino liberal newspaper ''[[La Solidaridad]]'' is published in Spain.
* [[February 17]] – The [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] is founded in [[Manchester]] (England), originally known as "The Plumage League" to campaign against the use of plumage in women's clothing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/about/history/milestones.asp|title=Milestones|publisher=RSPB|access-date=2007-02-19}}</ref>
* [[February 22]] – [[President of the United States|President]] [[Grover Cleveland]] signs the [[Enabling Act of 1889]], admitting [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Montana]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] as [[U.S. state]]s.
* [[February 25]] – The [[Lists of landmark court decisions#Landmark decisions in the United Kingdom|landmark court decision]] in the case of ''[[The Moorcock]]'' establishes the concept of [[implied term]]s in [[English contract law]].<ref>14 PD 64.</ref>
* [[March 2]] – The United States Congress proclaims the entire [[Bering Sea]] to be under US control.
* [[March 9]] – [[Battle of Metemma]]: [[Yohannes IV]], [[Emperor of Ethiopia]], is killed; [[Sudan]]ese forces, who have been almost defeated, rally and destroy the [[Ethiopia]]n army. Yohannes is probably the world's last ruler ever to die in battle; on [[March 25]] [[Menelik II]] proclaims himself as his successor.
* [[March 11]] – The [[North Carolina]] Legislature issues a charter for the creation of [[Elon College]].
* [[March 12]] – [[Almon Brown Strowger|Almon B. Strowger]], an undertaker in [[Topeka, Kansas]], files a patent in the United States for an [[automatic telephone exchange]] using the [[Strowger switch]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Roger B.|last=Hill |title=The Early Years of the Strowger System|url=http://www.privateline.com/Switching/EarlyYears.html|journal=Bell Laboratories Record|volume=31|issue=3|pages=95–103|accessdate=2011-11-03|date=March 1953|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025123622/http://www.privateline.com/Switching/EarlyYears.html|archivedate=2011-10-25}}</ref>
* [[March 15]] – [[Samoan crisis]]: German and American warships keep each other at bay in a standoff in [[Apia]] Harbor, ending when a [[1889 Apia cyclone|cyclone]] blows in and sinks them all.
* [[March 22]] – English [[Association football]] team [[Sheffield United F.C.]] is formed at the Adelphi Hotel, [[Sheffield]]. They play their first match on September 7.
* [[March 23]] – Claiming to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi, [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] founds the [[Ahmadiyya]] Muslim community in [[Punjab Province (British India)]].
[[File:Tour eiffel at sunrise from the trocadero.jpg|thumb|upright|[[March 31]]: The [[Eiffel Tower]] is inaugurated, becoming the tallest structure in the world]]
* [[March 30]] – [[Preston North End F.C.]] win the [[1889 FA Cup final]] in England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk/1889.html |title=1889.html|publisher=Fa-cupfinals.co.uk|access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928080039/http://www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk/1889.html |archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> Having on January 5 won the [[1888–89 Football League|first Football League]] title with no defeats all season, they complete the [[Double (association football)|double]] in Association football.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statto.com/football/teams/preston-north-end/1888-1889|title=Preston North End 1888–1889 Home|publisher=statto.com|access-date=15 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907005120/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/preston-north-end/1888-1889|archive-date=7 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[March 31]] – The [[Eiffel Tower]] is inaugurated in Paris (opens [[May 6]]). At {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}, its height exceeds the previous [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|tallest structure in the world]] by {{convert|130|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Contemporary critics regard it as aesthetically displeasing.

=== April–June ===
* April – British chemists [[Frederick Abel]] and [[James Dewar]] file their first patent for the smokeless propellant [[cordite]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Yoel|last=Bergman|title=The Technological Need: Abel & Dewar’s Primary Motive for Inventing Cordite in 1889|journal=British Journal for Military History|issn=2057-0422 |volume=8|issue=3|date=2022-11-28|pages=202-219|doi=10.25602/GOLD.bjmh.v8i3.1651|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365797403_The_Technological_Need_Abel_Dewar's_Primary_Motive_for_Inventing_Cordite_in_1889|accessdate=2025-05-15}}</ref>
* [[April 1]] – Following a failure on January 27 to launch a coup, former French defense minister General [[Georges Boulanger]] flees to Brussels to avoid arrest for treason.
* [[April 10]] – The Hammarby Roddförening (later [[Hammarby IF]]) sports club is founded in [[Sweden]].
* [[April 20]] – Birth of [[Adolf Hitler]] at [[Braunau am Inn]] in [[Austria-Hungary]], the son of customs official [[Alois Hitler]] and his third wife, [[Klara Hitler|Klara]].
[[File:Oklahoma Land Rush.jpg|thumb|upright|[[April 22]]: Oklahoma [[Land Run of 1889|Land Run]]]]
* [[April 22]] – At high noon in Oklahoma Territory, thousands rush to claim land in the [[Land Rush of 1889]]. Within hours the cities of [[Oklahoma City]] and [[Guthrie, Oklahoma|Guthrie]] are formed, with populations of at least 10,000.
* May – [[1889–1890 pandemic]] of influenza first reported in the city of [[Bukhara]] in the [[Central Asia]]n part of the Russian Empire.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Jeffrey R.|editor-last=Ryan|chapter=Past Pandemics and Their Outcome|title=Pandemic Influenza: Emergency Planning and Community Preparedness|year=2008|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-42006088-1|page=16|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t13C_eWhOX4C&pg=PA16}}</ref>
* [[May 2]] – [[Menelik II]], Emperor of [[Ethiopia]], signs a treaty of amity with Italy, giving Italy control over what will become [[Eritrea]].
* [[May 6]] – The [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|Exposition Universelle]] opens in Paris, with the [[Eiffel Tower]] as its entrance arch. The [[Galerie des machines]], at {{convert|111|m|ft|abbr=on}}, spans the longest interior space in the world at this time. The Exposition, which marks the centenary of the French Revolution, runs until October 31.
* [[May 11]] – [[Wham Paymaster robbery]]: An attack upon a U.S. Army paymaster and escort in the Arizona Territory results in the theft of over $28,000, and the award of two [[Medal of Honor|Medals of Honor]].
* [[May 28]] – Rubber [[tire]] company [[Michelin]] is registered by [[Édouard Michelin (industrialist)|Édouard]] and [[André Michelin]] in [[Clermont-Ferrand]], [[France]].
* [[May 31]]
** [[Johnstown Flood]]: The [[South Fork Dam]] collapses in western [[Pennsylvania]], killing more than 2,200 people in and around [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania]].
** The [[Naval Defence Act 1889|Naval Defence Act]] dictates that the fleet strength of the British [[Royal Navy]] must be equal to that of at least any two other countries.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=315–316|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[June]] – [[Vincent van Gogh]] paints ''[[The Starry Night]]'' at [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]].
* [[June 3]] – The first long distance [[electric power transmission]] line in the United States is completed, running {{convert|14|mi|km}} between a generator at [[Willamette River|Willamette Falls]] and downtown [[Portland, Oregon]].
* [[June 6]] – The [[Great Seattle Fire]] ravages through the [[Downtown Seattle|downtown area]] without any fatalities.
* [[June 12]] – The [[Armagh rail disaster]]: runaway carriages from a Sunday school excursion collide with an oncoming train near [[Armagh]] in the north of Ireland, killing 80, leading to rapid passage of the [[Regulation of Railways Act 1889]] on railway signalling and brakes in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Currie|first=J. R. L.|title=The Runaway Train: Armagh 1889|year=1971|publisher=David & Charles|location=Newton Abbot|isbn=0-7153-5198-2}}</ref>
* [[June 19]] – A [[Neapolitan cuisine|Neapolitan]] baker named [[Raffaele Esposito]] invents the [[Pizza Margherita]], named after the queen consort of Italy [[Margherita of Savoy]]. This is the forerunner of the modern pizza.
* [[June 26]] – [[Bangui]] is founded in the [[French Congo]].
* [[June 28]] – The annular [[solar eclipse of June 28, 1889]] is visible across the Atlantic Ocean, Africa and Indian Ocean, and is the 47th solar eclipse of [[Solar Saros 125]].
* [[June 29]]–[[June 30|30]] – First Inter-Parliamentary Conference held.

=== July–September ===
* [[July 6]] – Several aristocrats are implicated in the [[Cleveland Street scandal]] after police raid a male brothel in London.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8}}</ref>
* [[July 8]]
** The first issue of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' is published in New York City.
** The last official [[bare-knuckle boxing]] title fight is held (under [[London Prize Ring Rules]]): Heavyweight Champion [[John L. Sullivan]], the ''Boston Strong Boy'', defeats [[Jake Kilrain]] in a world championship bout, lasting 75 rounds, in [[Mississippi]].
* [[July 14]] – [[International Workers Congresses of Paris, 1889|International Workers Congresses of Paris]] open, and establish the [[Second International]].
* [[July 15]] – The [[Emperor of Brazil]], [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], survives an assassination attempt in [[Rio de Janeiro]].
* [[July 31]] – [[Louise, Princess Royal]] of the United Kingdom, marries [[Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife]], at [[Buckingham Palace]] in London.
* [[August 3]] – [[Mahdist War]]: [[Battle of Toski]] – [[Egypt]]ian and British troops are victorious.
* [[August 4]] –  [[The Great Fire (Spokane)|The Great Fire]] of [[Spokane, Washington]], destroys some 32 blocks of the city, prompting a mass rebuilding project.
* [[August 6]] – The [[Savoy Hotel]] in London opens.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[August 10]] – At the [[Vienna]] [[Hofburg]], the grand opening ceremony is held for the [[Imperial Natural History Museum]] ({{Langx|de|K.k. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum}}), begun in 1871; from August 13 to the end of December, the museum counts 175,000 visitors.
* [[August 14]]–[[September 15]] – [[London Dock Strike of 1889|London Dock Strike]]: Dockers [[Strike action|strike]] for a minimum wage of sixpence an hour ("The dockers' tanner"), which they eventually receive, a landmark in the development of [[New Unionism]] in Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.77/The-Great-Dock-Strike-of-1889.html|title=The Great Dock Strike|work=PortCities project|access-date=2008-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225051202/http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.77/The-Great-Dock-Strike-of-1889.html|archive-date=February 25, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[August 26]] – The [[Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children Act 1889|Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children Act]], commonly known as the ''Children's Charter'', is passed in the United Kingdom; for the first time it imposes criminal penalties to deter [[child abuse]].<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Batty|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/may/18/childrensservices2|title=Timeline: a history of child protection|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|date=May 18, 2005|access-date=September 15, 2010}}</ref>
* [[August 30]] – The [[Royal Mail Mount Pleasant Sorting Office]] officially opens in London.
* August – The Jewish settlement of [[Moisés Ville]] is founded in [[Argentina]].
* [[September 10]] – Albert Honoré Charles Grimaldi becomes [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco]].
* [[September 17]] – American Civil War veteran [[Wilderness Union order of battle|Charles Jefferson Wright]] founds [[New York Military Academy]], with 75 students on {{convert|30|acre|m2}} of land in [[Cornwall, New York]].
[[File:Nintendo former headquarter plate Kyoto.jpg|thumb|upright|[[September 23]]: [[Nintendo]] founded as a [[playing card]] manufacturer]]
* [[September 23]] – The [[Nintendo]] Koppai (later Nintendo Company, Limited) is founded in Japan by [[Fusajiro Yamauchi]], to produce and market [[Hanafuda]] [[playing card]]s.

=== October–December ===
* [[October 2]] – In Washington, D.C., the first [[International Conference of American States]] begins.
* [[October 6]]
** [[Mount Kilimanjaro]]'s summit is first reached, by German geologist [[Hans Meyer (geologist)|Hans Meyer]] with Austrian mountaineer [[Ludwig Purtscheller]].
** The ''[[Moulin Rouge]]'' [[cabaret]] opens in Paris.
* [[October 12]] – [[Gustaf Åkerhielm]], previously Swedish Foreign Minister, replaces [[Gillis Bildt]] as [[Prime Minister of Sweden]].
* [[October 21]] – Field Marshal [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder]] is recorded by [[Adelbert Theodor Wangemann]], a German associate of [[Thomas Edison]], on wax cylinders via [[phonograph]]. The two surviving wax cylinders that are produced make von Moltke, who was born in 1800, the earliest-living human whose voice has been recorded, and the only person born in the [[18th century]] whose voice will be heard into the 21st.
* [[October 24]] – Sir [[Henry Parkes]], Premier of [[New South Wales]], delivers the [[Tenterfield Oration]], calling for the [[Federation of Australia]].
* [[October 29]] – The [[British South Africa Company]] receives a Royal Charter.<ref name=CBH/>
* [[November]] – The first free elections are held in [[Costa Rica]].
* [[November 2]]
** [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]] are admitted as the 39th and 40th [[U.S. state]]s, respectively.
** English [[Association football]] team [[Wimbledon F.C.]] plays their first match.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Historical Don|url=http://historicaldons.com/index.php?od=2&yd=0|access-date=2015-05-15}}</ref>
* [[November 8]] – [[Montana]] is admitted as the 41st [[U.S. state]].
* [[November 11]] – [[Washington (state)|Washington]] is admitted as the 42nd [[U.S. state]].
* [[November 14]] – Pioneer American woman journalist [[Nellie Bly]] (Elizabeth Cochrane) begins an attempt to travel around the world in less than 80 days, inspired by [[Jules Verne]]; she finishes the journey in 72 days, 6 hours and 11 minutes.
* [[November 15]] – Field Marshal [[Deodoro da Fonseca]] organizes a military [[coup d'état|coup]] which deposes Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] and abolishes the Brazilian [[monarchy]]. Deodoro da Fonseca proclaims Brazil a republic, and forms a provisional government.
* [[November 17]] – The [[Brazilian Imperial Family]] is forced into exile in France.
* [[November 19]] – The modern-day [[flag of Brazil]] is adopted by the Provisional Government of the Republic.
* [[November 20]]
** [[Argentina]] is the first country to recognize the abolition of the monarchy in [[Brazil]].
** [[Gustav Mahler]] premieres his [[Symphony No. 1 (Mahler)|Symphony No. 1]], in [[Budapest]].
* [[November 23]] – The first [[jukebox]] goes into operation, at the Palais Royale Saloon in [[San Francisco]].
* [[November 27]] – [[Clemson University]] is founded in [[Clemson, South Carolina]].
* [[December 14]] – In US [[college football]], [[Wofford Terriers football|Wofford]] and [[Furman Paladins football|Furman]] play the [[List of the first college football games in each U.S. state|first intercollegiate football game in the state of South Carolina]], starting the [[Furman–Wofford football rivalry]].
* [[December 23]] – The Spanish Association football team [[Recreativo de Huelva]] is formed (the oldest club in Spain by the 21st century).
* [[December 28]] – The first [[interurban]] [[tram-train]] to emerge in the United States is the Newark and Granville Street Railway in Ohio.<ref>{{cite book|page=9|title=The Electric Interurban Railways in America|first1=George W.|last1=Hilton|first2=John F.|last2=Due|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2000}}</ref>
* [[December 30]] –  [[Abdul Hamid II]], Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, introduces the [[Kanunname of 1889]] against the slave trade.<ref>Erdem, Y. (1996). ''Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800–1909.'' Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 144</ref>

=== Undated ===
[[File:Panama-Canal-rough-diagram-quick.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Panama Canal|Panama]], [[yellow fever]]]]
* [[Yellow fever]] interrupts the building of the [[Panama Canal]].
* A huge locust [[swarm]] crosses the [[Red Sea]] and destroys crops in the [[Nile Valley]].
* An early method of [[high-voltage direct current]] (HVDC) transmission, as developed by the Swiss engineer [[René Thury]],<ref>Donald Beaty et al., "Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers 11th Ed.", McGraw Hill, 1978</ref> is implemented commercially in Italy by the ''Acquedotto de Ferrari-Galliera'' Company. This system transmits 630&nbsp;kW at 14 kV DC over a distance of {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myinsulators.com/acw/bookref/histsyscable/|title=ACW's Insulator Info – Book Reference Info – History of Electrical Systems and Cables|website=myinsulators.com}}</ref>
[[File:Capilano Suspension Bridge 2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Capilano Suspension Bridge|Capilano Bridge]]]]
* The [[Capilano Suspension Bridge]] (the longest suspension foot-bridge in the world) is opened in British Columbia.
* [[Arthur Wharton]] signs for [[Rotherham Town F.C. (1878)|Rotherham Town F.C.]] in England for the 1889/90 season, becoming probably the world's first [[Black people|black]] professional [[Football (soccer)|Association football]] player.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/arthur_wharton-andrew_watson.html|title=Arthur Wharton|work=100 Great Black Britons|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Phil|last=Vasili|title=The First Black Footballer, Arthur Wharton, 1865-1930|location=London|publisher=Frank Cass|date=1998|isbn=0-7146-4903-1}}</ref>
* The ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' publishes its first ''[[Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]'' (actually titled ''Six Great Bowlers of the Year''). The cricketers chosen are [[George Lohmann]], [[Bobby Peel]], [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]], [[Charles Turner (Australian cricketer)|Charles Turner]], [[John Ferris (cricketer)|John Ferris]] and [[Sammy Woods]].