Editing 1903 (section)

==Events==
===January===
{{Main|January 1903}}
[[File:Edward vii england.jpg|thumb|120px|right| [[January 1]]: [[Edward VII]] becomes [[Emperor of India]].]]
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Edward VII]] is proclaimed [[Emperor of India]].
* [[January 10]] &ndash; The [[Aceh Sultanate]] was fully annexed by the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch]] forces, deposing the last sultan, marking the end of the [[Aceh War]] that have lasted for almost 30 years.
* [[January 19]] &ndash; The first west–east transatlantic radio broadcast is made from the United States to England (the first east–west broadcast having been made in [[1901#December|1901]]).

===February===
{{Main|February 1903}}
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Venezuelan crisis of 1902–03|Venezuelan crisis]]: After agreeing to arbitration in Washington, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy reach a settlement with Venezuela resulting in the Washington Protocols. The naval blockade that began in [[1902]] ends. 
* [[February 23]] &ndash; [[Cuba]] leases [[Guantánamo Bay]] to the United States "in perpetuity".

===March===
{{Main|March 1903}}
* [[March 2]] &ndash; In [[New York City]], the [[Martha Washington Hotel]], the first hotel exclusively for women, opens.
* [[March 3]] &ndash; The British Admiralty announces plans to build the [[Rosyth Dockyard]] as a naval base at [[Rosyth]] in Scotland.
* [[March 5]] &ndash; The [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[German Empire]] sign an agreement to build the [[Baghdad Railway|Constantinople–Baghdad Railway]].
* [[March 12]] &ndash; The [[University of Puerto Rico]] is founded.
* [[March 13]] &ndash; Having abolished the [[Sokoto Caliphate]] in West Africa, the new British administration accepts the concession of its last [[vizier]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Falola|first=Toyin|title=Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington}}</ref>
* [[March 14]] &ndash; The [[Hay–Herrán Treaty]], granting the United States the right to build the [[Panama Canal]], is ratified by the [[United States Senate]]. The Colombian senate later rejects the treaty.

===April===
{{Main|April 1903}}
[[File:Frank Slide 4-30-1903.jpg|thumb|right|April 29: The [[Frank Slide]] occurs]]
*[[April 19]]&ndash;[[April 21|21]] ([[April 6]]&ndash;[[April 8|8]] [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar|O.S.]]) &ndash; The first [[Chișinău pogrom (1903)|Kishinev pogrom]], beginning on Easter Day, takes place in [[Chișinău|Kishinev]], capital of the [[Bessarabia Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]]. At least 47 Jews are killed during mob rioting encouraged by [[blood libel]] articles in the press and led by priests.<ref>{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Kishinef (Kishinev) |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9350-kishinef-kishinev |first1=Herman|last1=Rosenthal |first2=Max|last2=Rosenthal|}}</ref> 
* [[April 26]] &ndash; [[Atlético Madrid]] is founded as a professional association football club in [[Spain]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.atleticofans.com/club-history/|title=Atletico Madrid Club History|newspaper=AtleticoFans|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-date=February 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215181521/http://www.atleticofans.com/club-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[April 29]]
**The 30-million-m<sup>3</sup> [[Frank Slide]] rockslide kills 70–90 in [[Frank, Alberta]].
**The 7.0 {{M|s}} [[1903 Manzikert earthquake|Manzikert earthquake]] affects eastern Turkey, leaving 3,500 dead.

===May===
{{Main|May 1903}}
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[Macedonian Bulgarians|Macedonian Bulgarian]] revolutionary [[Gotse Delchev]] is killed in a skirmish with the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army.
* [[May 18]] &ndash; The port of [[Burgas]], [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] opens.
* [[May 24]] &ndash; The [[Paris–Madrid race]] for automobiles begins, during which at least eight people are killed; the French government stops the event at [[Bordeaux]] and [[Vehicle impoundment|impound]]s all of the competitors' cars.<ref>[http://www.grandprixhistory.org/story.htm Grand Prix History online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415123756/http://www.grandprixhistory.org/story.htm |date=April 15, 2020 }} (retrieved 11 June 2017) <!--only refers to seizure, not number of deaths--></ref>
* [[May 26]] &ndash; ''[[Românul de la Pind]]'', the longest-running newspaper by and about [[Aromanians]] until [[World War II]], is founded.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iiTDwAAQBAJ|title=Istoria jurnalismului din România în date: enciclopedie cronologică|first=Marian|last=Petcu|publisher=Elefant Online|year=2016|language=ro|isbn=9789734638543}}</ref>

===June===
{{Main|June 1903}}
[[File:AleksandarObrenovic.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[June 11]]: [[Alexander I of Serbia|Alexander I]]]]
* [[June 11]] ([[May 29]] [[old style and new style dates|O.S.]]) &ndash; King [[Alexander I of Serbia|Alexander Obrenović]] and [[Draga Mašin|Queen Draga]] of Serbia are [[May Coup (Serbia)|assassinated]] in Belgrade by the [[Black Hand (Serbia)|Black Hand (Crna Ruka)]] organization.
* [[June 14]] &ndash; The town of [[Heppner, Oregon]] is nearly destroyed by a cloud burst that results in [[Heppner Flood of 1903|a flash flood]] that kills about 238 people.
* [[June 16]] &ndash; The [[Ford Motor Company]] is founded.<ref>Steven Watts, ''The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century'' (2006) p. 131</ref> 
* [[June 27]] &ndash; American socialite [[Aida de Acosta]], 19, becomes the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo when she pilots [[Alberto Santos-Dumont|Santos-Dumont]]'s motorized [[dirigible]], "No. 9", from Paris to [[Château de Bagatelle]] in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/wmntrans2.pdf|title=Women in Transportation – Changing America's History: Reference Materials|publisher=[[United States Department of Transportation]]|page=10|access-date=2012-08-21|date=March 1998|archive-date=September 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904021147/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/wmntrans2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===July===
{{Main|July 1903}}
[[File:1903 ford model a.jpg|thumb|100px| [[July 23]]: 1903 Ford Model A.]]
* [[July 1]]–[[July 19|19]] &ndash; The [[1903 Tour de France|first Tour de France]] is held; [[Maurice Garin]] wins it.
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[British Empire|Britain]] take over the [[Fulani Empire]].
* [[July 29]] &ndash; [[United States Cartridge Company explosion]]: The explosion of two explosives storage magazines destroys 70 homes, killing 22 residents of [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lowelllandtrust.org/greenwayclassroom/history/USCartridgeCompany.pdf|title=U.S. Cartridge Company|publisher=Lowell Land Trust|access-date=2013-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426182220/http://lowelllandtrust.org/greenwayclassroom/history/USCartridgeCompany.pdf|archive-date=April 26, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[July 30]]–[[August 23]] ([[July 17]]–[[August 10]], [[Old Style|O.S.]]) &ndash; The [[2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|Second Congress]] of the All-[[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] is held in [[exile]] in [[Brussels]], transferring to London.

===August===
{{Main|August 1903}}
* [[August 2]] &ndash; The [[Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising]], organized by the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization|Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization]], breaks out in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] provinces of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Adrianople Vilayet|Adrianople]]. 
* [[August 3]] &ndash; The [[Kruševo Republic]] is proclaimed in Ottoman Macedonia; it is crushed 10 days later.
* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[Pope Pius X]] succeeds [[Pope Leo XIII]] as the 257th [[pope]].
* [[August 10]] &ndash; The [[Paris Métro train fire]] at [[Couronnes (Paris Métro)|Couronnes]] results in 84 deaths.

===September===
{{Main|September 1903}}
* [[September]] &ndash; [[Texas State University]] in [[San Marcos, Texas]] opens as Southwest Texas Normal School.
* [[September 11]] &ndash; The first [[stock car racing|stock-car event]] is held at the [[Milwaukee Mile]].
* [[September 14]] &ndash; [[Joseph Chamberlain]] resigns as British [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]] in order to campaign publicly for [[Imperial Preference]].
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense]] is founded in [[Porto Alegre]], [[First Brazilian Republic|Brazil]].
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Edmund Barton]] steps down as [[Prime Minister of Australia]] and is succeeded by [[Alfred Deakin]].
* [[September 27]] &ndash; The [[Wreck of the Old 97]] [[Fast Mail (Southern Railway train)|Fast Mail]] train at Stillhouse Trestle, near [[Danville, Virginia]], kills 11 people and inspires a ballad.<ref name="AlfredPScott">{{cite web | url = http://www.rosegill.com/Old97/Old97.pdf | title = Wreck of the Old 97: The Origins of a Modern Traditional Ballad | last = Scott | first = Alfred P. | year = 1965 | access-date = 2011-11-25 | archive-date = November 6, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131106030340/http://www.rosegill.com/Old97/Old97.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Prussia]] becomes the second jurisdiction to require mandatory [[driver's license]]s for operators of motor vehicles, after New York State in 1901.

===October===
{{Main|October 1903}}
* [[October 1]]&ndash;[[October 13|13]] &ndash; First modern [[World Series]]: The [[Boston Americans]] defeat the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] in eight games.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-almanac.com/ws/wsmenu.shtml |title=MLB World Series - A History of the World Series |publisher=[[Baseball Almanac, Inc.]] |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019155215/https://www.baseball-almanac.com/ws/wsmenu.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[October 6]] &ndash; The [[High Court of Australia]] sits for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105557 |title=High Court of Australia, King Edward Tce, Parkes, ACT, Australia |work=[[Australian Heritage Database]] |publisher=[[Australian Government]], [[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]] |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924045004/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105557 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[October 10]] &ndash; The [[Women's Social and Political Union]] is founded in the U.K.<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Holton |first=Sandra Stanley |title=Women's Social and Political Union (act. 1903–1914) |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/95579 |date=1 September 2017 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/95579 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>

===November===
{{Main|November 1903}}
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Maggie L. Walker]] becomes the first African American woman to charter a bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/mawa/the-st-luke-penny-savings-bank.htm |title=The St. Luke Penny Savings Bank |website=[[Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site|Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site Virginia]] |date=4 January 2017 |publisher=[[National Park Service]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=November 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116101929/https://www.nps.gov/mawa/the-st-luke-penny-savings-bank.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[November 3]] &ndash; [[Separation of Panama from Colombia]]: With the encouragement of the United States, [[Panama]] proclaims itself independent of [[Colombia]].<ref name="Secession">{{cite news |title=SECESSION OF PANAMA. |journal=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=8 January 1909 |at=Page 7, column 2 |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15027494 |access-date=16 November 2021 |via=[[Trove]] |archive-date=November 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116110638/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15027494 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[November 6]] &ndash; The English-language ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' newspaper is first published in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://multimedia.scmp.com/infographics/news/hong-kong/article/3154851/scmp-118th-anniversary/index.html |last=Arranz |first=Adolfo |title=South China Morning Post: a Hong Kong story |journal=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=6 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124174051/https://multimedia.scmp.com/infographics/news/hong-kong/article/3154851/scmp-118th-anniversary/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[November 13]] &ndash; The United States recognizes the [[Separation of Panama from Colombia|independence of Panama]].<ref name="Panama">{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/panama/8.htm |author=[[U.S. Library of Congress]] |title=Panama - The 1903 Treaty and Qualified Independence |access-date=16 November 2021 |via=countrystudies.us |archive-date=October 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011225556/http://countrystudies.us/panama/8.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[November 17]] &ndash; The [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] splits into two groups: the [[Bolsheviks]] (Russian for "majority") and [[Mensheviks]] (Russian for "minority").<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntiuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 |last=Service |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Service (historian) |title=Lenin: A Political Life |volume=1: The Strengths of Contradiction |location=Houndmills, [[Basingstoke]], [[Hampshire]] and London |publisher=[[Macmillan Press]] |year=1985 |page=108 |isbn=978-1-349-05591-3 |access-date=17 November 2021 |via=[[Google Books]]}} This source mentions a meeting of the Party Council on November 17, 1903, but does not clarify that this was the occasion of the permanent split.</ref>
* [[November 18]] &ndash; The [[Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty]] is signed by the United States and [[Panama]], giving the U.S. exclusive rights over the [[Panama Canal Zone]].<ref name="Secession"/>
* [[November 23]] &ndash; [[Colorado]] governor [[James Hamilton Peabody]] sends the state militia into the town of [[Cripple Creek, Colorado|Cripple Creek]] to break up a miners' strike.<ref>{{cite web |author=History.com Staff |website=[[History.com]] |year=2009 |title=Colorado governor sends militia to Cripple Creek |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/colorado-governor-sends-militia-to-cripple-creek |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310050619/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/colorado-governor-sends-militia-to-cripple-creek |archive-date=10 March 2018 |access-date=16 November 2021 |publisher=[[A+E Networks]]}}</ref>
* [[November 28]] &ndash; {{SS|Petriana}} is wrecked on a reef outside [[Melbourne]], Australia, causing one of the world's first major [[List of oil spills|oil spill]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amsa.gov.au/marine-environment/incidents-and-exercises/petriana-28-november-1903 |title=Petriana, 28 November 1903 |website=[[Australian Maritime Safety Authority]] |department=Historical pollution and casualty incidents |date=9 November 2020 |publisher=[[Australian Government]] |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=November 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130205409/https://www.amsa.gov.au/marine-environment/incidents-and-exercises/petriana-28-november-1903 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===December===
{{Main|December 1903}}
[[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|200px| [[December 17]]: The ''[[Wright Flyer]]'' in the air, the first airplane flight, by [[Orville Wright]].]]
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] in [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), [[India]] opens.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/10-things-know-about-taj-mahal-palace-hotel |last=Lopez |first=Rachel |title=10 things to know about the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel |date=5 January 2012 |magazine=[[Vogue India]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124145109/https://www.vogue.in/content/10-things-know-about-taj-mahal-palace-hotel |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Orville Wright]] flies an [[aircraft]] with a [[petrol engine]], the ''[[Wright Flyer]]'', at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]] in the first documented and successful powered and controlled heavier-than-air flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Wright_Bros/First_Powered_Flight/WR6.htm |title=The First Powered Flight – 1903 |website=[[U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission]] |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123045006/https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Wright_Bros/First_Powered_Flight/WR6.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[December 30]] &ndash; The [[Iroquois Theatre fire]] in Chicago kills 600.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brandt |first=Nat |title=Chicago Death Drap: The Iroquois Theatre Fire of 1903 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Southern Illinois University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8093-2721-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OYZDgAAQBAJ |access-date=24 November 2021 |via=Google Books |archive-date=April 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425051407/https://books.google.com/books?id=_OYZDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[December 31]] &ndash; The [[National Association for Women's Suffrage (Sweden)]] is founded.

===Date unknown===
* The first box of [[Crayola]] [[crayon]]s is made and sold for five cents. It contains eight colors; brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet and black.
* [[United States|American]] [[motorcycle]] brand [[Harley-Davidson]] is founded in [[Wisconsin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Harley-Davidson {{!}} Harley-Davidson United Kingdom|url=https://www.harley-davidson.com/gb/en/about-us/company.html|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Harley-Davidson|language=en-GB|archive-date=May 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515123707/https://www.harley-davidson.com/gb/en/about-us/company.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Compression Rheostat, the predecessor of [[Automation|industrial automation]] and industrial equipment parts brand [[Rockwell Automation]], is founded in Wisconsin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History|url=https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-gb/company/about-us/our-history.html|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Rockwell Automation|language=en-GB|archive-date=May 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515144909/https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-gb/company/about-us/our-history.html|url-status=live}}</ref>