Editing 1912 (section)

== Events ==
===January===
{{Main|January 1912}}
* [[January 1]] &ndash; The [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] is established.<ref>{{cite book |title=China, Fiver thousand years of History and Civilization|date=2007|publisher=City University Of Hong Kong Press|page=116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-fAxn_9f8wC&pg=PA116|access-date=9 September 2014|isbn=9789629371401}}</ref>
* [[January 5]] &ndash; The [[Prague Conference]] (6th All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) opens.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Service|title=Lenin, a Political Life: Worlds in collision|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1985|page=19}}</ref>
* [[January 6]] 
** German [[Geophysics|geophysicist]] [[Alfred Wegener]] first presents his theory of [[continental drift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wegener |first=Alfred |date=1912-07-01 |title=Die Entstehung der Kontinente |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202896 |journal=Geologische Rundschau |language=de |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=276–292 |doi=10.1007/BF02202896 |bibcode=1912GeoRu...3..276W |s2cid=129316588 |issn=1432-1149|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
** [[New Mexico]] becomes the 47th [[U.S. state]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Mexico Art Tells New Mexico History {{!}} History: Statehood|url=http://online.nmartmuseum.org/nmhistory/people-places-and-politics/statehood/history-statehood.html|access-date=July 30, 2020|website=online.nmartmuseum.org}}</ref>
* [[January 8]] &ndash; The [[African National Congress]] is founded as the South African Native National Congress, at the Waaihoek Wesleyan Church in [[Bloemfontein]], to promote improved rights for [[Black people|black]] South Africans, with [[John Langalibalele Dube]] as its first president.
* [[January 12]] &ndash; In the [[1912 German federal election]] the Social Democrats for the first time becomes the party with the most seats.
* [[January 14]] &ndash; [[Raymond Poincaré]] forms a coalition government in France, beginning his first term of office as Prime Minister on [[21 January]].
* [[January 17]] &ndash; British polar explorer Captain [[Robert Falcon Scott]] and a team of four become the second expeditionary group to reach the [[South Pole]].
* [[January 18]] ([[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]] January 5) &ndash; [[Prague Conference]]: [[Vladimir Lenin]] and the [[Bolshevik]] Party break away from the rest of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.
* [[January 22]] &ndash; The [[Overseas Railroad]] officially opens with [[Henry Flagler]], its owner, arriving on the first train to [[Key West]], Florida, to a cheering crowd of 10,000.
* [[January 23]] &ndash; The [[International Opium Convention]] is signed at [[The Hague]] to restrict exports.

=== February ===
{{Main|February 1912}}
* [[February 12]] &ndash; The [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] of China comes to an end after 268 years with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor [[Puyi]] in favour of the [[History of the Republic of China|Republic of China]].
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Arizona]] is admitted as the 48th state.
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Beirut (1912)|Battle of Beirut]]: [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] makes a surprise attack on the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] port of [[Beirut]], when the cruiser ''Giuseppe Garibaldi'' and the gunboat ''Volturno'' bombard the harbour, killing 97 sailors and civilians.
* [[February 29]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] secretly sign a treaty of alliance for a term of eight years, with each pledging to come to the defense of the other during war. The treaty of alliance would eventually be dishonored in [[World War I]].

=== March ===
{{Main|March 1912}}
[[File:Nlc amundsen.jpg|thumb|120px|right| [[March 7]]: [[Roald Amundsen|Amundsen]] and the [[South Pole]]]]
[[File:Washmem.jpg|thumb|120px|right| [[March 27]]: [[Sakura|Cherry trees]] for Washington, D.C.]]
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Albert Berry (parachutist)|Albert Berry]] is reported to have made the first [[parachute]] jump from a flying [[airplane]].
* [[March 6]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] forces become the first to use [[airship]]s in war as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at [[Janzur]], from an altitude of 6,000 feet.<ref>"Dirigibles in Tripoli War", ''The New York Times'', March 8, 1912</ref>
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Roald Amundsen]], in [[Hobart, Tasmania]], announces his success in reaching the [[South Pole]] the previous December.
<!--
** French aviator Henri Salmet makes the first nonstop flight from Paris to London, in three hours.<ref>Flight, 16 March 1912, p. 238 [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1912/1912%20-%200238.html London-Paris Record Flight]</ref> ##claim retracted see Flight, 23 March 1912, p. 264 [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1912/1912%20-%200264.html M. Salmet's London-Paris Flight] ##
-->
* [[March 12]] &ndash; The [[Girl Scouts of the USA]] is founded by [[Juliette Gordon Low]], in [[Savannah, Georgia]].
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Lawrence Oates]], dying member of [[Robert Falcon Scott|Scott]]'s [[Terra Nova Expedition|South Pole expedition]], leaves the tent saying, "I am just going outside and may be some time."
* [[March 22]] &ndash; The State of [[Bihar]] is formed out of the erstwhile State of [[Bengal]], in [[British India]].
* [[March 27]] &ndash; Mayor [[Yukio Ozaki]] of Tokyo gives 3,000 [[cherry tree]]s to be planted in Washington, D.C., to symbolize the friendship between Japan and the United States.
* [[March 29]] (probable date) &ndash; [[Robert Falcon Scott]] and the remaining members of his South Pole expedition die.
* [[March 30]] &ndash; The [[French Third Republic]] establishes the [[French protectorate in Morocco]] by the [[Treaty of Fes]] with Sultan [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]].

=== April ===
{{Main|April 1912}}
[[File:Stöwer Titanic.jpg|thumb|upright|[[April 15]]: The {{RMS|Titanic}} [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinks]]]]
* [[April 1]] &ndash; A partial lunar eclipse takes place, the first of two lunar eclipses this year. It is the 61st lunar eclipse of the 111th Saros cycle, which started with a penumbral lunar eclipse on June 10, 830 AD and will conclude with another penumbral lunar eclipse on July 19, 2092.
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[White Star Line|White Star]] [[Ocean liner|liner]] {{RMS|Titanic}} departs from [[Southampton]], England, with more than 2,200 passengers and crew on her maiden voyage, bound for New York.
* [[April 11]] &ndash; {{RMS|Titanic}} makes her last call, at [[Cobh|Queenstown]] in Ireland.
* [[April 14]]&ndash;[[April 15|15]] &ndash; [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|Sinking of the RMS ''Titanic'']]: {{RMS|Titanic}} strikes an [[iceberg]] in the northern Atlantic Ocean and sinks with the loss of more than 1,500 lives. [[Wreck of the Titanic|The wreck]] is not discovered until [[1985]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Walter Lord|first=Walter|last=Lord|title=[[A Night to Remember (book)|A Night to Remember]]|location=New York|publisher=Holt|year=1955}}</ref>
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Santos FC]], a [[Brazil]]ian [[association football]] club, is founded in [[Sao Paulo (state)|State of Sao Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fundação|date=23 October 2018 |url=https://www.santosfc.com.br/clube/|publisher=Santos Futebol Clube|accessdate=2021-11-30}}</ref>
* [[April 16]] &ndash; [[Harriet Quimby]] becomes the first woman to fly across the [[English Channel]].
* [[April 17]]
** [[Lena massacre]]: Russian troops kill or wound 500 striking gold miners in [[Siberia]].
** A [[Solar eclipse of April 17, 1912|hybrid solar eclipse]] is the 30th solar eclipse of [[Solar Saros 137]].
* [[April 18]] &ndash; [[Cunard Line]] vessel {{RMS|Carpathia}} arrives in New York with the 705 {{RMS|Titanic}} survivors.
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Fenway Park]] in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] opens.
* [[April 24]] &ndash; English association football club [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]] win the [[FA Cup]].
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Carl Laemmle]] founds [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]] as the Universal Film and Manufacturing Company in the United States.

=== May ===
[[File:1912 Summer Olympics poster.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[1912 Summer Olympics]]]]
{{Main|May 1912}}
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] lays the cornerstone for the [[Baháʼí House of Worship (Wilmette, Illinois)|Bahá'í House of Worship]] in [[Wilmette, Illinois]].
* [[May 5]] &ndash; The [[1912 Summer Olympics]] open in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]. [[Modern Pentathlon]] is contested for the first time in these games.
* [[May 11]] &ndash; Alaska becomes a territory of the United States.
* [[May 13]] &ndash; In the United Kingdom, the [[Royal Flying Corps]] (forerunner of the [[Royal Air Force]]) is established.
* [[May 23]] &ndash; The [[Hamburg America Line]]'s {{SS|Imperator}} is launched in [[Hamburg]] and is the world's largest ship.
* [[May 30]] &ndash; Pioneer aviator Wilbur Wright (of the [[Wright brothers]]) dies of [[typhoid fever]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]].

=== June ===
{{Main|June 1912}}
* [[June 6]] &ndash; The [[Novarupta]] volcano ({{convert|290|mi|km}} southwest of Anchorage) experiences a [[VEI]] 6 eruption (the largest in the 20th century).
* [[June 30]] &ndash; Canada's [[Regina Cyclone|deadliest tornado]] strikes [[Regina, Saskatchewan]] killing 28 people.

=== July ===
{{Main|July 1912}}
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Harriet Quimby]], who set the record as the first woman to fly the [[English Channel]] two months previously, dies in [[Squantum, Massachusetts]], after her brand-new two-seat [[Blériot Aéronautique|Bleriot]] [[monoplane]] crashes, killing both Quimby and her passenger.
* [[July 12]] &ndash; The United States release of [[Sarah Bernhardt]]'s film ''[[Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth]]'' is influential in the development of the movie feature. [[Adolph Zukor]], who incorporates [[Paramount Pictures]] on May 8, 1914, launches his company as the distributor. Paramount celebrates its centennial in 2012.
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[Emperor Meiji]] of Japan dies; he is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who becomes [[Emperor Taishō]]. In the [[history of Japan]], the event marks the end of the [[Meiji period]] and the beginning of the [[Taishō period]].

=== August ===
{{Main|August 1912}}
* [[August 1]] &ndash; The [[Jungfrau Railway]] is inaugurated with the opening of the subterranean [[Jungfraujoch railway station]] in the [[Bernese Oberland]] of [[Switzerland]], [[Europe]]'s highest at {{convert|3450|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite book|title=Switzerland's Amazing Railways|year=1958|publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons|location=London|first=Cecil J.|last=Allen|page=141}}</ref>
* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[United States occupation of Nicaragua]]: [[U.S. Marines]] land from the [[USS Annapolis (PG-10)|USS ''Annapolis'']] in [[Nicaragua]], to support the conservative government at its request.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Robert F.|last=Zissa|title=Nicaragua, 1912|url=http://www.mca-marines.org/leatherneck/nicaragua-1912|journal=[[Leatherneck Magazine]]|access-date=2011-11-01|date=July 1984|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007002112/http://www.mca-marines.org/leatherneck/nicaragua-1912|archive-date=2012-10-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[August 12]] &ndash; Sultan [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]] abdicates.
* [[August 21]] &ndash; The first [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)]] earns his rank.
* [[August 29]] &ndash; A [[1912 China typhoon|typhoon strikes China]], killing at least 50,000 people.<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll|year=2009|access-date=January 2, 2012|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/noaa_documents/NOAA_related_docs/death_toll_natural_disasters.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607014203/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/noaa_documents/NOAA_related_docs/death_toll_natural_disasters.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== September ===
{{Main|September 1912}}
* [[September 4]] &ndash; The government of the [[Ottoman Empire]] agrees to the demands put forward in the [[Albanian Revolt of 1912]].
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[W. C. Handy]] publishes "[[The Memphis Blues]]" in the United States.

=== October ===
{{Main|October 1912}}
* [[October 8]] &ndash; The [[First Balkan War]] begins: [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] declares war against the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[October 10]] &ndash; The Maternity Allowance Act goes into effect in Australia, but excludes minorities.
* [[October 14]] &ndash; [[John Flammang Schrank]] attempts to assassinate [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in [[Milwaukee]].
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]n pilots Radul Minkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the second bombing with an airplane in history, at the railway station of Karaagac near [[Edirne]], against [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]].
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Krupp]] engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer [[patent]] [[Austenite|austenitic]] [[stainless steel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nirosta.de/History.22.0.html?&L=1|title=ThyssenKrupp Nirosta: History|access-date=August 13, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902202906/http://www.nirosta.de/History.22.0.html?&L=1|archive-date=September 2, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] sign a treaty in Ouchy near Lausanne, ending the [[Italo-Turkish War]].
* [[October 18]]&ndash;[[October 21|21]] &ndash; [[First Balkan War]]: The Greek navy [[Battle of Lemnos (1912)|captures]] the island of [[Lemnos]] for use as a forward base against the [[Dardanelles]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913 | trans-title = Concise History of the Balkan Wars 1912–1913 | publisher = Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate | location = Athens | year = 1987 | pages=119–120}}</ref>
* [[October 24]] &ndash; First Balkan War: [[Battle of Kumanovo]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]]n forces defeat the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army in [[Vardar Macedonia]].
* [[October]]
** [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]]' character [[Tarzan]] first appears in ''[[Tarzan of the Apes]]'', in American [[pulp magazine]] ''[[The All-Story]]''.
** [[Sax Rohmer]]'s character [[Fu Manchu]] first appears in the first story of ''[[The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu]]'' in English pulp magazine ''[[The Story-Teller]]''.

=== November ===
{{Main|November 1912}}
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[1912 United States presidential election]]: [[New Jersey]] Governor [[Woodrow Wilson]] wins over former president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and incumbent president [[William Howard Taft]].
* [[November 11]] &ndash; [[William Lawrence Bragg]] presents his derivation of [[Bragg's law]] for the angles for coherent and incoherent [[scattering]] from a [[crystal lattice]], creating the field of [[x-ray crystallography]], and making possible the eventual imaging of the double helix of DNA.<ref>To the [[Cambridge Philosophical Society]]. {{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/present.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2012-11-29}}</ref>
* [[November 25]] &ndash; ''[[Românul de la Pind]]'', the longest-running newspaper by and about [[Aromanians]] until [[World War II]], ceases publication.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iiTDwAAQBAJ|title=Istoria jurnalismului din România în date: enciclopedie cronologică|first=Marian|last=Petcu|publisher=Elefant Online|year=2016|language=ro|isbn=9789734638543}}</ref>
* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Provisional Government of Albania|Albania]] declares independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]].

=== December ===
{{Main|December 1912}}
*[[December 3]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]], and [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] (the [[Balkan League]], but not [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Greece]]) sign an armistice with the [[Ottoman Empire]] at [[Çatalca]], temporarily halting the [[First Balkan War]] after 2 months. (The armistice will expire on [[February 3]], [[1913]], and hostilities will resume.)<ref>{{cite book|first=John A. S.|last=Grenville|title=The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts|volume=1|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2001|pages=49–50}}</ref>
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Piltdown Man]], thought to be the fossilized skull of a hitherto unknown form of early human, is presented to the [[Geological Society of London]] (it is revealed to be a hoax in [[1953]]).
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Merck KGaA|Merck]] files [[patent]] applications in Germany for synthesis of the [[entactogen]]ic drug [[MDMA]] (''Ecstasy''), developed by [[Anton Köllisch]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01511.x|author1=Freudenmann, R. W. |author2=Oxler, F. |author3=Bernschneider-Reif, S. |title=The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents.|journal=[[Addiction (journal)|Addiction]]|volume=101|issue=9|pages=1241–1245|year=2006|pmid=16911722|url=http://www.mdma.net/merck/ecstasy-mdma.pdf}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
[[File:1912-detail-Springfield-Birmingham.jpg|thumb|upright|1912 date-mark on the apex of a building at Springfield, Birmingham, England.]]
* [[Casimir Funk]] identifies [[vitamins]].
* [[Sylhet region|Sylhet]] is reconstituted into the [[non-regulation province|non-regulation]] [[Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam|Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam (Northeast Frontier Province)]].<ref>[[William Cooke Taylor]], ''A Popular History of British India.'' p. 505</ref>
* The [[Scoville scale|Scoville Unit]] (used to measure the heat of peppers) is devised and tested by [[Wilbur Scoville]].
* [[Wilfrid Voynich]] discovers the [[Voynich manuscript|eponymous manuscript]] in the [[Villa Mondragone]].
* The [[Government College of Technology, Rasul]] is established in the Punjab.
* [[Ludwig von Mises]] publishes his foundational ''[[The Theory of Money and Credit]]'' in the original German.
* [[Articulated vehicle|Articulated]] trams are invented and first used by the [[Boston Elevated Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbta.com/about_the_mbta/history/?id=964|title=About the T|author=MBTA|year=2010|publisher=MBTA|access-date=12 October 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126204041/http://mbta.com/about_the_mbta/history/?id=964|archive-date=26 November 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>