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== History == In 1990, [[AT&T Bell Labs]] engineers [[Jesse Russell]], Farhad Barzegar and Can A. Eryaman filed a patent for a digital mobile phone that supports the transmission of digital data. Their patent was cited several years later by [[Nokia]] and [[Motorola]] when they were developing 2G digital mobile phones.<ref name=":27">{{Cite patent|number=US5257397A|title=Mobile data telephone|fdate=1990-08-13|pridate=1990-08-13|gdate=1993-10-26 (filed 1990-08-13)|invent1=Barzegar|invent2=Eryaman|invent3=Russell|invent4=Schroeder|inventor1-first=Farhad|inventor2-first=Can A.|inventor3-first=Jesse E.|inventor4-first=Robert E.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5257397A/en}}</ref> 2G was first commercially launched in 1991 by [[Radiolinja]] (now part of [[Elisa Oyj]]) in Finland in the form of [[GSM]], which was defined by the [[European Telecommunications Standards Institute]] (ETSI).<ref name="Radiolinja's History">{{cite web |date=2004-04-20 |title=Radiolinja's History |url=http://www.elisa.com/english/index.cfm?t=6&o=6532.50 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023212724/http://www.elisa.com/english/index.cfm?t=6 |archive-date=2006-10-23 |access-date=2009-12-23}}</ref> The [[Telecommunications Industry Association]] (TIA) defined the [[cdmaOne]] (IS-95) 2G standard, with an eight to ten fold increase in voice call capacity compared to analog [[Advanced Mobile Phone System|AMPS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDMA Network Technology: A Decade Of Advances And Challenges |url=https://www.tek.com/en/documents/technical-brief/cdma-network-technology-decade-advances-and-challenges |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.tek.com |language=en}}</ref> The first deployment of cdmaOne was in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4: CDMA - Cellular Technologies for Emerging Markets: 2G, 3G and Beyond [Book] |url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/cellular-technologies-for/9780470975671/OEBPS/9780470975671_epub_ch_4.htm |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.oreilly.com |language=en}}</ref> In North America, [[Digital AMPS]] (IS-54 and IS-136) and [[cdmaOne]] (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used. Later 2G releases in the GSM space, often referred to as 2.5G and 2.75G, include General Packet Radio Service ([[General Packet Radio Service|GPRS]]) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution ([[Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]]). GPRS allows 2G networks to achieve a theoretical maximum [[Bandwidth (computing)|transfer speed]] of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s). EDGE increases this capacity, providing a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s). Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were: * Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between the [[mobile phone]] and the [[cell site|cellular base station]] but not necessarily in the rest of the network. * Significantly more [[Spectral efficiency|efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum]] enabling more users per frequency band. * Data services for mobile, starting with [[SMS]] text messages then expanding to [[Multimedia Messaging Service]] (MMS).
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