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==History== {{Multiple image | align = left | total_width = 375 | direction = horizontal | image1 = Ayashii World style BBS.svg | image2 = Textboard.png | caption1 = Ayashii World was laid out something like a non-threaded [[e-mail client]] without subjects. All messages were sorted chronologically, and to see the post being replied to, a link must be followed.<ref name="Tanahashi-2007" /> | caption2 = Meanwhile, Amezou, and 2channel, were laid out in the more familiar textboard format, where threads are ordered by their last post unless the user specifically chooses not to make their post bump the thread.<ref name="Tanahashi-2007" /> }} === Predecessors === [[Textboard]]s like 2channel were rooted in two earlier technologies: [[Modem|dial-in]] [[Bulletin board system|bulletin boards]], known in Japan as {{Nihongo|grass roots bulletin boards|草の根BBS}},<ref name="Kaigo-2007" /> and [[Usenet]].<ref name="Stryker-2011">{{Cite book |last=Stryker |first=Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3QjCQAAQBAJ |title=Epic Win for Anonymous: How 4chan's Army Conquered the Web |date=2011 |publisher=The Overlook Press |isbn=9781590207383 |location=New York |pages=133–134 |quote=2channel was based on a previous text board called Ayashii World, the first big anonymous text board in Japan... Ayashii World, like many anonymous chan boards, experienced so much downtime that its owner began to receive death threats, prompting him to shut down the board in 1998.}}</ref> 2channel has two predecessors: Ayashii World created in 1996 by Shiba Masayuki,<ref name="Stryker-2011" /> and {{Nihongo|Amezou|あめぞう}},<ref name="Tanahashi-2007" /> created in 1997. Ayashii World was the first large anonymous web bulletin board in Japan, while Amezou originated the more familiar "textboard" concept wherein threads are displayed chronologically, with new comments bumping old threads to the top, rather than in a branching tree.<ref name="Stryker-2011" /><ref name="Tanahashi-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Tanahashi |first=Gō |date=2007-12-01 |title=イマジナリー・コミュニケーションI ~顧客間インタラクションと2 ちゃんねる~ |trans-title=Imaginary Communication I ~Customer interaction and 2channel~ |url=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120005827908 |journal=Nara Sangyo University Journal of Industrial Economics |language=ja |publisher=[[Nara Sangyo University]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=141–160 |oclc=1059584274 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120005827908 |archive-date=2021-10-27 |via=CiNii}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Ayashii World closed in 1998, leading most of its former users to go to Amezou;<ref name="Stryker-2011" /> Nishimura advertised 2channel in a post on Amezou in May 1999, calling it "Amezou's second channel".<ref name="Tanahashi-2007" /> From June, Amezou became increasingly unable to handle the load on its servers,<ref name="Tanahashi-2007" /><ref name="Barubora-2005" />{{Rp|260}} until its host shut it down after threats against Amezou's anonymous owner which contained his [[Doxing|dox]] were posted on it.<ref name="Stryker-2011" /><ref name="Barubora-2005" />{{Rp|260}} === Early history === [[File:Hiroyuki Nishimura's speech in Sapporo 20050831.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hiroyuki Nishimura]] founded 2channel in 1999 while a student in Arkansas.]] 2channel was founded on 30 May 1999 in a college apartment in [[Conway, Arkansas]] on the campus of [[University of Central Arkansas]]<ref name="Katayama-Wikired-2007" /> by [[Hiroyuki Nishimura]].<ref name="Matsutani-2010">{{Cite news |last=Matsutani |first=Minoru |date=2010-04-06 |title=2channel's success rests on anonymity |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100406i1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409055032/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100406i1.html |archive-date=2010-04-09 |access-date=2020-05-23 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> Success came quickly; many of Amezou's users began using it as soon as it opened.<ref name="Kaigo-2007" /> When compared with other bulletin boards, 2channel's technology wasn't much different; what led to its success was instead its being an "outlet for unfettered expression";<ref name="Katayama-Wikired-2008" /> by being hosted in the United States, 2channel was able to bypass more restrictive Japanese censorship rules, while still being accessible from Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Machkovech |first=Sam |date=2015-09-21 |title=Imageboard sites 4chan, 8chan announce new ownership arrangements |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/09/imageboard-sites-4chan-8chan-announce-new-ownership-arrangements/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/09/imageboard-sites-4chan-8chan-announce-new-ownership-arrangements/ |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |language=en-us}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The site also enjoyed greater immunity from legal action within Japan due to the location of its servers.<ref name="Katayama-Wikired-2008" /><ref name="Chiel-2016">{{Cite web |last=Chiel |first=Ethan |date=2016-04-19 |title=Meet the man keeping 8chan, the world's most vile website, alive |url=https://splinternews.com/meet-the-man-keeping-8chan-the-worlds-most-vile-websit-1793856249 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://splinternews.com/meet-the-man-keeping-8chan-the-worlds-most-vile-websit-1793856249 |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=[[Splinter News]] |language=en-us |quote=They figured out a loophole in Japanese censorship rules," [...] Adult material in Japan has to be censored, but...Japanese people could access content that resides outside of Japan. Bingo. The work we did in the following years was really just marketing uncensored Japanese content to users in Japan.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> By 2002, Google said that the most searched word in Japan was "2channel".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsumura |first=Naohiro |last2=Miura |first2=Asako |last3=Shibanai |first3=Yasufumi |last4=Ohsawa |first4=Yukio |last5=Nishida |first5=Toyoaki |date=2005-01-01 |title=The dynamism of 2channel |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225177752 |journal=AI & Society |volume=19 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1007/s00146-004-0302-5 |s2cid=15396920 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225177752 |archive-date=2021-10-27}}{{cbignore}}</ref> By 2004, 2channel was already the largest internet forum in Japan.<ref name="Onishi-2004" /> The name "2channel" is a reference to [[Very High Frequency|VHF]] channel 2, the default setting for the [[RF modulator]]s used in earlier-generation game consoles (such as [[Nintendo]]'s [[Family Computer]]) when connecting to Japanese television sets.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tetsuya |first=Ozaki |date=2004-11-11 |title=Interview with Nishimura Hiroyuki at Kuwasawa Design School |url=http://www.realtokyo.co.jp/english/redesign/004_1.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Redesigning Tokyo |volume=4 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312073248/http://www.realtokyo.co.jp/english/redesign/004_1.htm |archive-date=2007-03-12 |access-date=2020-07-03 |via=RealTokyo}}</ref> Where Amezou was originally meant to be "channel one", 2channel was meant to be "channel two".<ref name="Tanahashi-2007" /><ref name="Barubora-2005" />{{Rp|266}} The site's iconic jar logo is a reference to deprecatory remarks some former users of Ayashii World would make about 2channel early on in the site's history, likening it to a {{Nihongo|[[spittoon]]|痰壷}}.<ref name="Gotō-2015">{{Cite journal |last=Gotō |first=Masayuki |date=2015-06-01 |script-title=ja:「2ちゃんねる」との対話——新しい世論集団の可能性と問題点 |trans-title=Conversation with "2channel," a Huge Japanese Internet Bulletin Board Service : Possibilities and Problems of a New-type Public Opinion Group <!-- If this looks like bad English to you, it's the official English title, so should not be changed. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120005838893/ --> |journal=Seijō Bungei |language=ja |publisher=[[Seijo University]] Literature Department |pages=1 |issn=0286-5718 |quote=筆者がはじめて、インターネット巨大掲示板「2ちゃんねる」に触れたのは、9・11テロがまさに進行中の時だった。[⋯]この時点で、ネット検索に出てきたのが、当時から「便所の落書き」「痰壷」などと露悪的に自称していた(それゆえに筆者は接触しないようにしていた)「2ch」の書き込みだった。 [I first touched the huge internet bulletin board "2channel" when the 9/11 terror attacks were in progress. Up to then, I had no interest in 2ch as online searches only brought up results deprecating it a "spittoon" and home of "toilet graffiti".]}}</ref><ref name="Barubora-2005">{{Cite book |last=Barubora |date=2005-05-10 |publisher=[[Shōeisha]] |isbn=978-4798106571 |pages=271 |language=ja |script-title=ja:教科書には載らないニッポンのインターネットの歴史教科書 |trans-title=The history of the Japanese internet you won't find in any textbook |quote=(260) 「内部告発」板は企業の裏事情や差別問題などを扱う板で、ここが6月19日に突如消減したのだ。[...] ただ他のスレッドでもあやうい告発が続いており、例えば暴力団の資金源に関するスレッドてでは、あめぞう氏の本名など個人情報をちらつかせ脅迫するような書きさ込みもあったりと、いつ閉鎖しても不思議ではない状態にあった。¶夏ごろ(一説には6月には既にちらほら見られたそうだ)に増殖を繰り返し、設置されたほとんどの掲示板を壊減的状態に追いやった。[...] そして管理されない姿を見かねたのか、はたまた苦情が相次いどだのか、「まいたいねっと」側がか掲示板のパーミッションを落としはじめ、10月14日にメイン板の「@広場」が停止。[The "whistleblowing board" was suddenly shut down on June 19 [1999]. [...] In a thread on the sources of money of organized crime gangs, a threat was implied against Amezou's owner, and he was doxed. It was not strange to close it. Around summer (one source says it began in June), most of the boards were in a broken state. [...] ¶ And, either due to not being able to countenance the unmaintained state of Amezou, or because the complaints were coming one after another, the host, Maitai Net, started returning 403 errors upon visits to the bulletin board. On October 14, "@Square", the main board, stopped functioning.]}}</ref>{{Rp|271}} Nishimura took this nickname and adopted it as the site's logo by 2002.<ref name="Barubora-2005" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nishimura |first=Hiroyuki |date=2002-06-05 |title=2ちゃんねるへようこそ |trans-title=Welcome to 2channel |url=http://www.2ch.net/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605120531/http://www.2ch.net/ |archive-date=5 June 2002 |access-date=2020-05-21 |language=ja}}</ref> [[Jim Watkins (businessman)|Jim Watkins]], an ex-US army non-commissioned officer ([[sergeant first class]]), [[domain name registrar]], and [[dedicated hosting service]] provider, hosted 2channel since at least 2004<ref name="Tokyo District Court)" /> through various corporate identities, including Big-server.com Inc.,<ref name="ITmedia NEWS-2010">{{Cite web |date=2010-03-02 |title=2chサーバのデータセンター、「サイバーテロ」として米機関に調査依頼へ |trans-title=2ch data center requests American government investigate "cyber terrorism" against it |url=https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1003/02/news070.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1003/02/news070.html |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=ITmedia NEWS |language=ja}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Pacific Internet Exchange [[Limited liability company|LLC]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm133624 |date=2007-04-10 |last=Watkins |first=Jim |type=[[Niconico Douga]] |language=en, ja |trans-title=2channel server update |minutes=14:13 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm133624 |archive-date=2021-10-27 |quote=''Ni'' channel will be right here and the next one over. Alright, now we have two facilities, and this is the new facility. This whole area here, about tennis court-sized, is Pacific Internet Exchange, our area. We're going to do it in sections, that's why we moved from the other side where it's all...many different companies. This is our section. |script-title=ja:2ちゃんねるのサーバ事情 前編}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and N. T. Technology Inc.<ref name="Harwell-2019">{{Cite news |last=Harwell |first=Drew |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Timothy |date=2019-09-12 |title=From helicopter repairman to leader of the Internet's 'darkest reaches': The life and times of 8chan owner Jim Watkins |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/12/helicopter-repairman-leader-internets-darkest-reaches-life-times-chan-owner-jim-watkins/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913014840/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/12/helicopter-repairman-leader-internets-darkest-reaches-life-times-chan-owner-jim-watkins/ |archive-date=2019-09-13 |access-date=2020-05-21 |work=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CNET-2013" /> Before 2channel, Watkins' company primarily specialized in using servers and domains in the United States to serve [[Censorship in Japan|uncensored]] [[Pornography in Japan|pornographic]] content to users in Japan.<ref name="Chiel-2016" /><ref name="Harwell-2019" /> === Ownership transfer and government scrutiny === On 2 January 2009, Nishimura claimed to have transferred ownership of 2channel to Packet Monster Inc., a company based in [[Chinatown, Singapore]], and to no longer be involved in the site's management.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tachikawa |first=Yū |date=2009-01-02 |title=2ちゃんねる、"言論の自由なき日本"を見捨てた? |trans-title=2channel, have you abandoned Japan, "land with no freedom of speech"? |url=http://sankei.jp.msn.com/economy/it/090102/its0901021022001-n1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121234124/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/economy/it/090102/its0901021022001-n1.htm |archive-date=21 January 2009 |access-date=10 January 2009 |work=[[Sankei Shimbun]] |publisher=MSN |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagai |first=Michiko |date=2009-01-02 |title=西村博之氏、2ちゃんねるを企業に譲渡 |trans-title=Hiroyuki Nishimura transfers 2channel to a company |url=https://japan.cnet.com/article/20385949/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://japan.cnet.com/article/20385949/ |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-20 |website=CNET Japan |language=ja}}{{cbignore}}</ref> However, Nishimura was charged with violating Japanese narcotic control laws anyway on 20 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-27 |script-title=ja:警察庁長官:悪質管理者「検挙も」...掲示板の違法情報放置 |trans-title=Commissioner General of the National Police Agency: "Arrest" malicious administrators too... They left illegal content online. |url=http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20121227k0000e040210000c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101031458/http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20121227k0000e040210000c.html |archive-date=1 January 2013 |website=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |language=ja |via=Livedoor}} [http://blog.livedoor.jp/freenews7/archives/21746147.html Alt URL]</ref>{{efn|name=DrugLawNote|1=The full name of the law, Act No. 94 of 1991, is [http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=1209&vm=&re= An Act Concerning Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conducts and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation] ({{Nihongo2|国際的な協力の下に規制薬物に係る不正行為を助長する行為等の防止を図るための麻薬及び向精神薬取締法等の特例等に関する法律}}).}} As part of their case, the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]] (MPD) claimed Nishimura remained involved in 2channel's operations, alleging Packet Monster Inc. is a {{Nihongo|[[shell company]]|ペーパーカンパニー}}.<ref name="Adelstein-2015">{{Cite news |last=Adelstein |first=Jake |date=2015-09-26 |title=Will 4Chan's Shady New Owner Weaponize It? |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/26/will-the-yakuza-turn-4chan-into-a-weapon |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/26/will-the-yakuza-turn-4chan-into-a-weapon |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-20 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The main thrust of the complaint was that Nishimura allegedly did not delete posts seeking to purchase illicit [[amphetamine]] from other 2channel users online; the {{ill|Internet Hotline Center|ja|インターネット・ホットラインセンター|WD=}}, an agency of the MPD, alleged that in 2011 97% of its 5,223 deletion requests did not result in deletion.<ref name="The Japan Times-2012">{{Cite web |date=2012-12-26 |title=Prosecution of 2channel founder draws flak |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/12/26/national/prosecution-of-2channel-founder-draws-flak/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/12/26/national/prosecution-of-2channel-founder-draws-flak/ |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-20 |website=[[The Japan Times]] |language=en-US}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 19 March 2013, the [[Public Prosecutors Office (Japan)|Public Prosecutors Office]] decided not to prosecute the case.<ref name="Adelstein-2015" /> In August 2013, the [[National Tax Agency|Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau]] declared in a tax audit that Nishimura had failed to declare {{Currency|100 million|JPY|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} worth of website revenue which should have been taxed between 2009 and 2012, years in which he financially benefited from Packet Monster Inc.;<ref name="Adelstein-2015" /><ref name="Ota-2013">{{Cite web |last=Ōta |first=Seiichi |date=2013-08-24 |script-title=ja:申告漏れ:2ちゃんねる元管理人が1億円 広告収入の一部、譲渡後も関与裏付け |trans-title=2channel's former administrator failed to declare 100 million yen of advertising revenue and participation in BBS even management after transfer |url=http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20130824dde041040002000c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918022541/http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20130824dde041040002000c.html |archive-date=2013-09-18 |website=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |language=ja |quote=2ちゃんねるの広告収入は東京プラスなどを経由して、09〜12年の4年間に約3億5000万円がシンガポールの会社に送金された。[...] 残る約2億円も、この会社がペーパーカンパニーとみられることから、国税当局は西村氏の個人所得と認定。[Through Tokyo Plus KK, among others, in the four years between 2009 and 2012, {{currency|linked=no|passthrough=yes|≈350 million|JPY}} was transferred to the Singaporean company. Since it is considered a shell company, the [[National Tax Agency]] has determined the profit of {{currency|linked=no|passthrough=yes|200 million|JPY}} to be personal income of Nishimura.]}}</ref> Nishimura settled the matter by paying the owed tax, {{Currency|30 million|JPY|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}.<ref name="NHK-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-08-24 |title=「2ちゃんねる」創始者"ひろゆき"氏、東京国税局から1億円の申告漏れを指摘される |trans-title=2channel creator "Hiroyuki" failed to declare 100 million yen of his income, Tokyo office of the National Tax Agency points out |url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20130824/k10013998681000.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827202626/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20130824/k10013998681000.html |archive-date=2013-08-27 |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=[[NHK News Web]] |language=ja |quote=過少申告加算税などを含む追徴税額は3000万円に上り、すでに納付されたと見られます。[The additional amount assessed by the National Tax Agency, 30 million yen, has already been paid.]}} (To view the archive, [[JavaScript]] must be disabled in your browser. [https://www.excite.co.jp/news/article/Mdn_31704/ Alternate convenience link])</ref> === Personal information leak === In August 2013, a hacker using the name {{Nihongo3||さっしーえっち|sassy [[ecchi]]}}<ref name="AERA dot-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-20 |script-title=ja:作家は暴言謝罪、不倫もバレる? 2ちゃん情報流出騒動 |trans-title=The 2channel information leak |url=http://dot.asahi.com/aera/2013091800044.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/http://dot.asahi.com/aera/2013091800044.html |archive-date=2021-10-27 |website=AERA dot |publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]] |language=ja}}{{cbignore}}</ref> {{interlanguage link|2channel leak|lt=leaked|ja|2ちゃんねる個人情報流出事件|WD=}} the personal details (including names, addresses, and phone numbers)<ref name="CNET-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-08-26 |title=「2ちゃんねるビューア」に不正アクセス--個人情報が流出 |trans-title=2channel viewer users' personal information leaked |url=https://japan.cnet.com/article/35036403/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://japan.cnet.com/article/35036403/ |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=CNET Japan |language=ja |quote=N.T.Technologyは8月26日、不正アクセスによって同社の提供する「2ちゃんねるビューア」の顧客情報が流出したことを発表し、謝罪した。流出した情報の範囲とその原因については「現在調査中」としているが、約3万件のクレジットカード番号や氏名、住所、電話番号などの情報が流出したと見られる。[On August 26, N.T. Technology announced that the customer information of the '2channel viewer' stored by the company was leaked due to unauthorized access and apologized. Although the range of information leaked and the cause of the leak are said to be 'under investigation,' about 30,000 credit card numbers, names, addresses, telephone numbers, and other information are thought to have leaked.]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and [[credit card numbers]] of thousands of 2channel users who had used 2channel's paid services into the public domain,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akimoto |first=Akky |date=17 September 2013 |title=Accidental leak IDs over 30,000 'anonymous' 2channel users |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/09/17/digital/accidental-leak-ids-over-30000-anonymous-2channel-users/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921125901/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/09/17/digital/accidental-leak-ids-over-30000-anonymous-2channel-users/#.VgEwMcuqpBd |archive-date=21 September 2013 |work=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> exposing the anonymous profiles of various high level personas such as politicians and writers,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tabuchi |first=Yoshirō |date=2013-09-25 |title=あの人が書き込みを......2ch情報流出の波紋 |trans-title="That person wrote this..."—the ripples of the 2channel leak |url=https://president.jp/articles/-/10701 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://president.jp/articles/-/10701 |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=PRESIDENT Online |language=ja |quote=この件で1番怖いのは、匿名を盾に誰がどんなことを書き込んでいたかが明らかになってしまったことだ。2ちゃんねるが最も封印せねばならない部分が、白日の下に晒されたのだ。有名なライトノベル作家が他の作家を数百回にわたって誹謗中傷した事実が明らかになり、本人がホームページで謝罪に追い込まれた。某2ちゃんねるまとめサイトの管理人はあらし行為を謝罪、サイトの閉鎖を発表した。流出したメールアドレスからは、某政治家、某大学准教授の名前、中央省庁、マスコミ各社、商社、通信会社、国内外の有名大学まで驚くような名前が並ぶ。[The scariest thing about this matter is that it became clear who was writing what behind the shield of anonymity. What 2channel was most expected to keep secret was instead exposed in broad daylight. It was revealed that a famous light novel writer slandered other writers hundreds of times, and he was forced to apologize on his website. A certain 2channel ''matome'' site owner apologized for trolling and announced that his site would close. You can see the names of politicians, an associate professor at a university, central government agency staff, media company staff, trading company staff, telecommunications company staff, and staff of famous universities in Japan and abroad from the leaked list of emails.]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> including an attorney involved in 2channel cases, {{Nihongo|Takahiro Karasawa|唐澤貴洋}},<ref name="AERA dot-2013" /> and a staff member of [[AKB48]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sato |first=Yuma |date=2013-08-27 |title=「2ちゃんねる」個人情報漏えい事件、AKB関係者のアカウント流出で大騒動に!? |url=https://news.biglobe.ne.jp/entertainment/0827/mcz_130827_6673398159.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830002645/https://news.biglobe.ne.jp/entertainment/0827/mcz_130827_6673398159.html |archive-date=30 August 2013 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=BIGLOBEニュース |language=ja |quote=2channel personal information leak incident: AKB staff member account leaked? What's all the fuss about!?}}</ref> More than 74,000 users had their personal information exposed by the leak.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-29 |script-title=ja:<個人情報流出余波>書き込みバレて"公開処刑" |trans-title=[Personal information leak aftermath] The leak of posts is like a "public execution" |url=http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/nonsec/social/177889/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/nonsec/social/177889/ |archive-date=2021-10-27 |website=Tokyo Sports |language=ja |quote=巨大ネット掲示板「2ちゃんねる」の有料サービス会員の個人情報約7万4000件が流出した件で [About 74,000 customers of giant internet bulletin board '2channel' had their personal information exposed online.]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The paid service involved in the leak was known as the {{Nihongo|"2channel viewer"|2ちゃんねるビューア}},<ref name="AERA dot-2013" /> or {{Nihongo3||●|maru}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-19 |title=「サーバーを確保しました」 「2ちゃんねる」に何が起きたのか 運営費がひっ迫? |trans-title=2channel: "I've secured the servers"...what happened? Is the site in financial trouble? |url=https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1402/19/news151.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1402/19/news151.html |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=ITmedia NEWS |language=ja |quote=「●」こと「2ちゃんねるビューア」で昨年8月に発覚したユーザー情報流出だ。[The user information leak that happened in August of last year had its source in "●", also known as the "2channel viewer".]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{efn|The service received the nickname {{Nihongo3|{{literally}} circle||maru}} because users of it could signal their support of 2channel by attaching a "●" to their post in the name field, which other users could not do.{{#tag:ref||name=Shinjo-2002}}}} Its main utility was that it allowed users to read old threads; if a thread on 2channel received 1,000 posts, it would become part of the {{Nihongo3|{{literally}} past log|過去ログ|kako rogu}} by a process of {{Nihongo|"[[.dat]] omission"|dat落ち}}{{efn|name=DATNote|2channel threads were encoded in a quasi-open standard known as ".dat". [http://info.5ch.net/index.php/Monazilla/develop/dat 5channel's official documentation] includes examples.}} of such threads, after which time a thread was no longer freely accessible.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-01 |title=5ちゃんねる(旧2ちゃんねる)の過去ログを閲覧する方法とは? |trans-title=How can I read threads in the "past log" on 5channel (formerly 2channel)? |url=https://hibouchushou.net/contents/10004.php |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://hibouchushou.net/contents/10004.php |archive-date=2021-10-27 |website=誹謗中傷ドットネット |publisher=ATB Law Corporation |language=ja |access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref><ref name="Matsutani-2010" /> 2channel charged {{Currency|3600|JPY|linked=no}} per year for the service, which was typically paid by credit card; logs of these payments were the source of the data leak.<ref name="Sudō-2013">{{Cite web |last=Sudō |first=Tatsuya |date=2013-09-09 |title=2ちゃんねる会員情報流出 約3万件、カード番号など |trans-title=Around 30,000 members of 2channel have had their card numbers and other information leaked |url=https://www.asahi.com/national/update/0826/TKY201308260038.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909164307/https://www.asahi.com/national/update/0826/TKY201308260038.html |archive-date=2013-09-09 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=[[Asahi Shimbun]] |quote=While anyone can read 2channel for free, only members who pay 3600 yen per month can search the archive of old threads.}}</ref> At the time of the leak, Watkins apologized on behalf of N. T. Technology, Inc., saying he was the victim of a "cyber attack" and that "some data [of my] customers was compromised."<ref name="CNET-2013" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Watkins |first=Jim |date=2013-08-26 |title=不正アクセスによるお客様情報流出に関するお詫びとご報告 |trans-title=Apology and report regarding leak of customer information due to unauthorized access |url=http://2ch.tora3.net/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826185113/http://2ch.tora3.net/ |archive-date=2013-08-26 |access-date=2020-05-22 |website=2channel Viewer |language=ja, en |quote=N.T.Technology, inc was a victim of a cyber attack earlier today. Some data for customers was compromised. Your data may have been compromised.}}</ref> === Domain seizure and split === {{anchor|2ch.sc|5ch.net|5channel}} On 19 February 2014, Jim Watkins, as chairman of N.T. Technology, Inc., 2channel's [[domain registrar]], seized 2channel's domain. He took full control over the website, relieved Nishimura of all power, and assumed the role of website administrator.<ref name="Akimoto-2014">{{Cite news |last=Akimoto |first=Akky |date=2014-03-20 |title=Who holds the deeds to gossip bulletin board 2channel? |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2014/03/20/digital/who-holds-the-deeds-to-gossip-bulletin-board-2channel/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2014/03/20/digital/who-holds-the-deeds-to-gossip-bulletin-board-2channel/ |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-22 |work=The Japan Times Online}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Watkins made the ''kako rogu'' free to all users shortly after assuming control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koyama |first=Morio |title=2ch埋め立てと逆SEO |trans-title=2ch "landfill" (posting up to 1000 posts to get a thread moved into the ''kako rogu'') and reverse SEO |url=http://newsokuch.com/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/http://newsokuch.com/ |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-18 |trans-website=Web Public Relations [[Kabushiki kaisha|KK]] |script-website=ja:株式会社WEB広報}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Watkins claimed that Nishimura had failed to pay him money owed which led to the seizure as a way to cover Nishimura's debts,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watkins |first=Jim |date=2014-02-19 |title=Let's talk with Jim-san. Part21 |url=http://pele.bbspink.com/test/read.cgi/erobbs/1383978434/554 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508213224/http://pele.bbspink.com/test/read.cgi/erobbs/1383978434/554 |archive-date=2019-05-08 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=BBSPink |quote=The previous management was not able to generate enough income to pay the bills for the expenses of running 2ch.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beran |first=Dale |title=It Came From Something Awful |date=30 July 2019 |publisher=All Points Books |isbn=978-1-250-18974-5 |edition=eBook |location=New York |at=¶21.48 |oclc=1048938602 |quote=When 2channel began having financial trouble as a result of the controversy, Watkins used the opportunity to seize control of the site, citing its failure to pay its outstanding bills.}}</ref> while Nishimura claimed that he had in fact paid everything owed and that the domain transfer was an illegal [[domain hijacking]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nishimura |first=Hiroyuki |date=2014-04-01 |title=昨今の2ちゃんねるの現状に関して。 |trans-title=Regarding the current status of 2channel |url=http://2ch.sc/www2chscindex.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/http://2ch.sc/www2chscindex.html |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=2ch.sc |language=ja}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In response, Nishimura created his own clone of 2channel at {{interlanguage link|2ch.sc|lt=2ch.sc|ja|2ちゃんねる (2ch.sc)|WD=}},<ref name="ITmedia-2014">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-01 |title=現2chは「違法な乗っ取り」状態──ひろゆき氏?が新サイト「2ch.sc」開設を予告 |trans-title=2ch is now in a state of "illegal takeover", says Hiroyuki (?);<!-- not a request for help translating, question mark is in title --> announces opening of "2ch.sc" |url=http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1404/01/news146.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1404/01/news146.html |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-06-28 |language=ja |script-website=ja:ITmedia ニュース}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Web scraping|scraping]] the contents of the entire 2channel website and updating 2ch.sc as new posts appeared on 2ch.net. In a Q&A session on [[4chan]] shortly after becoming the site's owner, Nishimura claimed that 2channel was stolen by Watkins.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nishimura |first=Hiroyuki |date=2015-09-22 |title=Q&A Session with Hiroyuki Nishimura |url=https://desuarchive.org/qa/thread/183913/#192022 |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=4chan |publisher=Bibliotheca Anonoma |via=Desu Archive}}</ref> Nishimura has attempted to repossess the domain both through [[WIPO]]'s [[Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy]]<ref name="Kennedy-2016">{{Cite web |last=Gabriela Kennedy |last2=Frederick M. Abbott |display-authors=1 |date=2016-07-28 |title=WIPO Domain Name Decision: D2016-1025 (2ch.net) |url=https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/search/text.jsp?case=D2016-1025 |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |language=en |quote=The Panel finds it prudent to note that the Policy is intended to handle cases of cybersquatting. Any potential business dispute between the Parties may be more appropriately addressed through court proceedings rather than through the Policy.}}</ref> and through the [[Judicial system of Japan#Courts|Japanese court system]].<ref name="Tokyo District Court)" /><!-- The Watkinses have claimed to have appealed and won in either the Tokyo High Court or the Supreme Court of Japan, but as I've not been able to find the judgment, I'm not sure if it's executory/final or not, or if it even exists. Also, they're obviously biased towards the strength of their case, so might not be reporting Court processes accuracy for whatever reason. So, their [[WP:SPS]]'s should ''not'' be added, only third party verifications. They are of course free to share the judgment with the world if it exists. --> Through the [[Japan Patent Office]], Nishimura owns the [[trademark]] "2channel",<ref>{{Cite court |date=26 July 2019 |litigants=In re trademark registration T5843569 |court=Japan Patent Office|opinion=Invalidity case 2017-890013 |url=http://shohyo.shinketsu.jp/originaltext/tm/1352426.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/http://shohyo.shinketsu.jp/originaltext/tm/1352426.html |archive-date=2021-10-27 |quote=本件電子掲示板の事業が請求人(レースクイーン社)に適法に譲渡されたことを示す証拠はない |trans-quote=There is no evidence that the electronic BBS business was legally transferred to the plaintiff (Race Queen Inc). |language=ja}}</ref> though the WIPO refused to intervene on his behalf on account of that, suggesting the parties go to court instead as it was not, in its view, a case of "[[cybersquatting]]" but rather a "business dispute".<ref name="Kennedy-2016" /> [[Ron Watkins]], Jim's son, in 2016 registered the trademark "5channel" in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurihara |first=Kiyoshi |date=2017-10-10 |title=2ちゃんねる名称変更事件に関する知財関係状況整理(栗原潔) |trans-title=Sorting out the intellectual property situation which has led to the 2channel name change incident |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/kuriharakiyoshi/20171010-00076752/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/kuriharakiyoshi/20171010-00076752/ |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=[[Yahoo! News]] Japan |language=ja}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 1 October 2017, 2ch.net began redirecting to 5ch.net, a domain owned by Loki Technology, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ishizuka |first=Fumito |date=2017-10-02 |title=「5ちゃんねる」に名称変更 ネット掲示板、権利紛争か |trans-title=Following a dispute over rights to bulletin board, name changes to "5channel" |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO21770460S7A001C1000000/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO21770460S7A001C1000000/ |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=[[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]] |language=ja}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The chairman of Loki Technology Inc. is also Jim Watkins;<ref>{{Cite court|litigants=[[Office of the Solicitor General of the Philippines|Office of the Solicitor General]] vs. James Arthur Watkins, in re: Petition for Naturalization|court=Pasig [[Regional Trial Court]] Branch 166|pinpoint=R-PSG-18-03091-SP, Petition by James Arthur Watkins |url=https://issuu.com/manilatimes/docs/11manilatimes| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://issuu.com/manilatimes/docs/11manilatimes| archive-date=2021-10-27|quote=[James Arthur Watkins] married Liziel O. Watkins ("Liziel"), of legal age and a Filipina, on 20 November 2001. [...] He is currently the Chairman of Race Queen Inc., Emerald Pedistal Properties Inc., and Loki Technology Incorporated.}}{{cbignore}}—via ''[[The Manila Times]]''.</ref> his wife, Liziel, is the treasurer and majority shareholder.<ref name="Harwell-2019" /> According to a press release, the name was changed to 5channel to avoid potential legal issues due to Nishimura's ownership of the "2channel" trademark.<ref name="5ちゃんねる掲示板へようこそ-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-06 |title=5ちゃんねる掲示板へようこそ |trans-title=Welcome to 5channel |url=https://5ch.net/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://5ch.net/ |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=6 October 2017 |quote=権利関係に関する無用な紛争を生じさせず「・・・」掲示板の名称を新たに「5ちゃんねる」へと変更しました。[The name of the textboard has been changed to 5channel to help avoid future unnecessary disputes regarding our rights to operate it.]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> {{clear}}
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