Editing 7400-series integrated circuits (section)

== Overview ==
{{See also|Transistor–transistor logic#History}}

The 7400 series contains hundreds of devices that provide everything from basic [[logic gate]]s, [[flip-flop (electronics)|flip-flops]], and counters, to special purpose bus transceivers and [[arithmetic logic unit]]s (ALU). Specific functions are described in a [[list of 7400 series integrated circuits]]. Some TTL parts were made with an extended military-specification temperature range. These parts are prefixed with '''54''' instead of '''74''' in the part number. The less-common '''64''' and '''84''' prefixes on [[Texas Instruments]] parts indicated an industrial temperature range. Since the 1970s, new product families have been released to replace the original 7400 series. More recent TTL-compatible logic families were manufactured using [[CMOS]] or [[BiCMOS]] technology rather than TTL.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Texas Instruments]] prefixes for TTL temperature ranges
|-
! Prefix !! Name !! Temperature range !! Remarks
|-
| '''54''' || Military || −55&nbsp;°C to +125&nbsp;°C || 
|-
| '''64''' || Industrial || −40&nbsp;°C to +85&nbsp;°C || rare
|-
| '''74''' || Commercial || 0&nbsp;°C to +70&nbsp;°C || most common
|}

Today, [[surface-mount]]ed CMOS versions of the 7400 series are used in various applications in electronics and for [[glue logic]] in computers and industrial electronics. The original [[through-hole]] devices in [[dual in-line package]]s (DIP/DIL) were the mainstay of the industry for many decades. They are useful for rapid [[breadboard]]-prototyping and for education and remain available from most manufacturers. The fastest types and very low voltage versions are typically [[surface-mount]] only, however.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018|reason=Need citation for surface mount being faster and/or lower voltage}}
[[File:KL TI SN5451 Logic IC (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Texas Instruments SN5451 in the original flat package]]
The first part number in the series, the 7400, is a 14-pin IC containing four two-input [[NAND gate]]s. Each gate uses two input pins and one output pin, with the remaining two pins being power (+5 V) and ground. This part was made in various through-hole and surface-mount packages, including flat pack and plastic/ceramic dual in-line. Additional characters in a part number identify the package and other variations.

Unlike the older [[resistor-transistor logic]] integrated circuits, bipolar TTL gates were unsuitable to be used as analog devices, providing low gain, poor stability, and low input impedance.<ref>[[Don Lancaster]], ''TTL Cookbook'', Howard W. Sams 1974, page 169</ref> Special-purpose TTL devices were used to provide interface functions such as [[Schmitt trigger]]s or [[monostable multivibrator]] timing circuits. Inverting gates could be cascaded as a [[ring oscillator]], useful for purposes where high stability was not required.

=== History ===
Although the 7400 series was the first ''de facto'' industry standard TTL logic family (i.e. second-sourced by several semiconductor companies), there were earlier TTL logic families such as:
* [[Sylvania Electric Products|Sylvania]] Universal High-level Logic in 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-rise-of-ttl-how-fairchild-won-a-battle-but-lost-the-war/|title=The Rise of TTL: How Fairchild Won a Battle But Lost the War {{!}} Computer History Museum|website=computerhistory.org|date=13 July 2015 |at=See section: "The Rise of TTL"|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_sylvaniadaiaUniversalHighLevelLogicMay66_3459527|title=SM2927 Sylvania Universal High Level Logic May66|date=1966}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.electronicdesign.com/boards/digital-ics-standard-logic|title=Digital ICs: Standard Logic|date=2002-01-07|work=Electronic Design|access-date=2018-06-17|archive-date=2018-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165558/http://www.electronicdesign.com/boards/digital-ics-standard-logic|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Motorola]] MC4000 MTTL<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/motorola/_dataBooks/1971_Motorola_TTL_Integrated_Circuits_Data_Book.pdf|title=TTL Integrated Circuits Data Book|publisher=Motoroloa Semiconductor Products Inc.|year=1971}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nv9SAAAAMAAJ&q=mc4000|title=TTL Cookbook|last=Lancaster|first=Don|date=1974|publisher=H. W. Sams|isbn=9780672210358|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ttlcookbook00lanc/page/9|title=TTL Cookbook|last=Lancaster|first=Don|publisher=Sams / Prentice Hall Computer Publishing|year=1974|isbn=0-672-21035-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ttlcookbook00lanc/page/9 9]|url-access=registration}}</ref>
* [[National Semiconductor]] DM8000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andysarcade.net/store2/dm8000-series-ttl.html|title=DM8000 series TTL – andys-arcade|website=andysarcade.net|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-06-17}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=This source may not be [[WP:RS]]|date=June 2018}}
* [[Fairchild Semiconductor|Fairchild]] 9300 series<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/standard-logic-ic-families-introduced/|title=1963: Standard Logic IC Families Introduced {{!}} The Silicon Engine {{!}} Computer History Museum|website=computerhistory.org|language=en|access-date=2018-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-rise-of-ttl-how-fairchild-won-a-battle-but-lost-the-war/|title=The Rise of TTL: How Fairchild Won a Battle But Lost the War {{!}} Computer History Museum|website=computerhistory.org|date=13 July 2015 |at=See section: "Fairchild responds with TTL MSI"|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-17}}</ref>
* [[Signetics]] 8200 and 8T00<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_signeticsdcs8000SeriesTTLMSI_11847693|title=Signetics Digital 8000 Series TTL/MSI and Memories Data Book|publisher=Signetics Corporation|year=1972}}</ref>

The 7400 quad 2-input [[NAND gate]] was the first product in the series, introduced by [[Texas Instruments]] in a military grade metal [[Flatpack (electronics)|flat package]] (5400W) in October 1964. The pin assignment of this early series differed from the ''de facto'' standard set by the later series in [[DIP package]]s (in particular, ground was connected to pin 11 and the power supply to pin 4, compared to pins 7 and 14 for DIP packages).<ref name="TI_1967_Databook"/> The extremely popular commercial grade plastic [[Dual in-line package|DIP]] (7400N) followed in the third quarter of 1966.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://smithsonianchips.si.edu/texas/t_129.htm | title=The Chip Collection - TI Integrated Circuit Designer's Kit | publisher=Smithsonian Institution }}</ref>

The 5400 and 7400 series were used in many popular [[minicomputer]]s in the 1970s and early 1980s. Some models of the DEC [[Programmed Data Processor|PDP]]-series "minis" used the [[74181]] [[Arithmetic logic unit|ALU]] as the main computing element in the [[Central processing unit|CPU]]. Other examples were the [[Data General Nova]] series and [[Hewlett-Packard]] 21MX, 1000, and 3000 series.

In 1965, typical quantity-one pricing for the SN5400 (military grade, in ceramic welded [[Flatpack (electronics)|flat-pack]]) was around 22 [[USD]].<ref>{{cite book |publisher= Allied Electronics |title= Allied Industrial Electronics Catalog #660 |location= Chicago, Illinois |year= 1966 |page= 35}}</ref> As of 2007, individual commercial-grade chips in molded epoxy (plastic) packages can be purchased for approximately US$0.25 each, depending on the particular chip.

<gallery>
File:NXP-74AHC00D-HD-HQ.jpg|[[Die (integrated circuit)|Die]] of a 74AHC00D, manufactured by [[NXP Semiconductors|NXP]]
File:SN7400 1965.jpg|SN7400 die in the original flat package, manufactured by [[Texas Instruments|TI]]
File:TTL-00-die-schema.jpg|Die vs Schematic of a NAND gate in a 74H00 ([[Darlington transistor]] is visbile on the right)
File:7400 Circuit.svg|Schematic of one gate in a 7400
File:74LS00 Circuit.svg|Schematic of one gate in a 74LS00
File:Schéma DM74ALS00.png|Schematic of one gate in a 74ALS00
File:Logic ICs in size comparison.JPG|Size comparison of 74HC00 in DIP vs TSSOP package
</gallery>