Editing 998 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] retakes [[Rome]] and restores power in the papal city. [[Crescentius the Younger|Crescentius II]] ('''the Younger''') and his followers barricade themselves in [[Castel Sant'Angelo]]. Otto's former tutor John Philagathos (Antipope [[Antipope John XVI|John XVI]]), who tries to escape into [[Campania]], is pursued by German troops and captured. He is horribly mutilated – his ears, nose and tongue cut off and his eyes are gouged out. Crescentius surrenders at his stronghold and is beheaded. Otto reinstates his cousin, [[Pope Gregory V|Gregory V]], as pope of the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>John Norwich (1991). ''Byzantium: The Apogee'', pp. 255–256. {{ISBN|0-394-53779-3}}.</ref>
* [[Croatian–Bulgarian wars#Third war|Croatian–Bulgarian War]]: Emperor [[Samuel of Bulgaria|Samuel]] launches a military campaign against the [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia]] to prevent an [[alliance]] between the [[Duklja|Serbian principality]] and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]]. He seizes Dyrrachium (modern-day [[Durrës]] in [[Albania]]) and advances along the [[Dalmatia (theme)|Dalmatian]] coast. The Bulgarian army is forced to withdraw into Croatian hinterlands (now part of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]), after the [[Siege of Zadar (998)|Siege of Zadar]].<ref>John Norwich (1991). '' Byzantium: The Apogee'', p. 257. {{ISBN|0-394-53779-3}}.</ref>
* Fall &ndash; Otto III makes Rome the administrative capital of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and begins the construction of his imperial palace on the [[Palatine Hill]]. He restores the ancient [[Roman Senate]] to its position of prominence and adopts the title of "Emperor of the Romans". To this Otto adds the apostolic devotion formula ''servus Jesu Christi'' ('Servant of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]').<ref>Reuter, Timothy (1992). ''The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III'', p. 258. {{ISBN|978-0-521-36447-8}}.</ref>
* Winter &ndash; King [[Robert II of France|Robert II]] ('''the Pious''') is [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] by Gregory V. For reasons of [[consanguinity]], his second marriage to [[Bertha of Burgundy]] is not accepted by the Catholic Church.<ref>James Palmer (2014). ''The Apocalypse in the Early Middle Ages'', p. 215. Cambridge University Press.</ref>

==== Persia ====
* [[Battle of Ghazni (998)|Battle of Ghazni]]: The Afghan prince [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] defeats his younger brother [[Ismail of Ghazni|Ismail]] (the ruling [[emir]] of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Dynasty]]) in battle. He places Ismail in comfortable captivity for the rest of his life and expands the realm of his late father, [[Sebuktigin]], into the [[Punjab]] in northwestern [[India]]. 
==== Arabian Empire ====
* Summer &ndash; [[Revolt of Tyre (996–998)|Revolt of Tyre]]: The city of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] (modern [[Lebanon]]) is stormed by forces of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]. A Byzantine squadron attempts to reinforce but is repulsed by the Fatimid navy. The defenders are massacred or taken captive to [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]]. The Byzantine captives are executed.<ref>Gil, Moshe (1997). ''A History of Palestine, 634–1099'', pp. 369–370. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-59984-9}}.</ref>
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Battle of Apamea]]: Byzantine forces under governor (''[[Dux|doux]]'') [[Damian Dalassenos]] besiege the fortress city of [[Apamea, Syria|Apamea]] for control over northern [[Syria]]. The Fatimids send a relief army from [[Damascus]] – and defeat the Byzantines, Dalassenos is killed by a [[Kurdistan|Kurdish]] officer in battle.

==== Japan ====
* [[Byōdō-in]] Temple (located in [[Yamashiro Province]]) is built during the [[Heian period|Heian Period]] on orders of [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]], who uses the [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] temple as a countryside retreat villa (modern-day [[Kyoto Prefecture]]).<ref>Uji Travel: Byodoin Temple - Japan Guide (Retrieved August 4, 2017).</ref>

=== By topic ===
==== Religion ====
* Winter &ndash; Otto III makes a [[pilgrimage]] through middle [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] from [[Gargano]] to [[Benevento]]. Stopping by [[Monte Cassino]], where he meets the [[hermit]] monk [[Romuald]].
* Bishop [[Wulfsige III]] establishes a [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] abbey at [[Sherborne Abbey|Sherborne]] ([[Dorset]]shire).
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