Editing 9 November in German history (section)

==Events==
There are eight events in German history that are connected to 9 November, five of which had considerable historical consequences: the execution of [[Robert Blum]] in 1848, the [[German Revolution of 1918–1919|end of the monarchies]] in 1918, the [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] [[Beer Hall Putsch|putsch attempt]] in 1923, the Nazi antisemitic [[pogrom]]s in 1938 and the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1989.

=== Execution of Robert Blum ===
9 November 1848: After being arrested in the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas|Vienna revolts]], [[Robert Blum]], one of the leading figures of the democrats in the [[Frankfurt Parliament]] and in the [[German revolutions of 1848–1849|German revolutions]], was executed. The execution can be seen as a symbolic event or forecast of the ultimate crushing of the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|German March Revolution]] in April and May 1849.

=== November revolution in Berlin ===
[[File:Ausrufung Republik Scheidemann.jpg|thumb|Philipp Scheidemann during the proclamation of the Republic on November 9, 1918]]
9 November 1918: During the [[German Revolution|November Revolution]], in view of the imminent defeat of the [[German Empire]] in [[World War I]] Chancellor [[Max von Baden]] announced the abdication of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] before the Emperor had in fact abdicated, and handed the chancellorship to [[Friedrich Ebert]] (SPD). [[Philipp Scheidemann]], who would replace Ebert as head of government in 1919, proclaimed the German republic from a window of the [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]]. A few hours later, [[Karl Liebknecht]], one of the leaders of the left-wing revolutionary [[Spartacus League]] (''Spartakusbund''), proclaimed a "Free Socialist Republic" from a balcony of the [[Berlin Palace]]. It was Scheidemann's intention to [[Proclamation of the republic in Germany|proclaim the republic]] before the communists did.

In the ensuing conflicts between the supporters of a socialist [[Soviet republic (system of government)|soviet republic]] and those of a [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralist]] parliamentary democracy, which in some areas resembled a civil war, the supporters of the soviet model were defeated. Liebknecht himself was assassinated two months later, together with [[Rosa Luxemburg]], by reactionary [[Freikorps]] on January 15. In the aftermath, the [[Weimar Republic]] was constituted in August 1919 (named after the [[Weimar National Assembly |National Assembly meeting in Weimar]]).

''Der 9. November'' (The Ninth of November) is also the title of a 1920 novel by [[Bernhard Kellermann]] published in Germany that told the story of the German insurrection of 1918.

=== Hitler putsch in Munich ===
9 November 1923: The failed [[Beer Hall Putsch]], from 8 to 9 November, marks an early emergence and provisional downfall of the [[Nazi Party]] as an important player in Germany's political landscape. Adolf [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], the leader of the [[Nazi Party|NSDAP party]], until then hardly known to the general public, attempted a coup against the democratic Reich government on the 5th anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic. Hitler's march through Munich was stopped in front of the [[Feldherrnhalle]] by Bavarian police who opened fire. Sixteen Nazis and four policemen were killed. 

Hitler used the subsequent trial to stage himself as the leading figure of the [[Völkisch movement|''Völkisch'' movement]]. He was sentenced to five years in prison but was released after nine months for good conduct. Only after 1930 would Hitler gain significant voter support, a process that would culminate in the [[German federal election, March 1933|Nazis' electoral victory]] of 1933. After his political takeover, he declared 9 November a national holiday, and every year a celebration in remembrance of the so-called ''[[Blutzeugen]]'' (blood-witnesses), the victims of the Beer Hall Putsch, took place. It was at one such ceremony, on the evening of November 8, 1939, that [[Georg Elser]]'s failed bomb assassination attempt on Hitler took place in Munich's [[Bürgerbräukeller]].

=== Reichspogromnacht ===
[[File:Reichspogromnacht 1938.jpg|thumb|50th anniversary of the ''Kristallnacht'' (November 9, 1938): [[Deutsche Bundespost]] stamp, 1988]]
9 November 1938: Marked the culmination of what is today known as "''[[Kristallnacht]]"'' (the Night of Broken Glass)<ref>The term "Kristallnacht" is often regarded as too euphemistic for the atrocities committed by the Nazis and only draws attention to the broken property.</ref> or Reichspogromnacht, from 9 to 10 November, synagogues and Jewish property were burned and destroyed on a large scale, and more than four hundred Jews were killed or driven to commit suicide. In [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|Nazi propaganda]], the outrages, committed primarily by [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] and [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] members in civilian clothes, are portrayed as an expression of "popular anger" against the Jews. The event demonstrated that the [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] stance of the Nazi regime was not so 'moderate' as it had partially appeared in earlier years and marked the transition from [[social exclusion]] and discrimination to open persecution of Jews under the dictatorship. After 10 November, about 30,000 Jews were arrested; many of them later died in [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]].

=== Hamburg University protest ===
9 November 1967: At the inauguration ceremony of the new rector of [[University of Hamburg|Hamburg University]], students unfurled a banner with the slogan ''Unter den Talaren – Muff von 1000 Jahren'' (English: Under the gowns – Mustiness of a 1000 years), which will become the symbol of the [[protests of 1968]]. The motto alluded to propaganda that Nazi Germany was the ''[[Nazi Germany#Name|Tausendjähriges Reich]]'' (English: Thousand-year Reich).

=== Attack at the Jewish Community Center in Berlin ===
9 November 1969: The left-wing radical, antisemitic and anti-zionist terrorist organization [[Tupamaros West-Berlin]] places a bomb in the [[Fasanenstrasse Synagogue#Jewish Community Center|Jewish Community Center]] in Berlin. However, the bomb did not explode.

=== Death of Holger Meins ===
9 November 1974: The imprisoned [[Red Army Faction|RAF]] terrorist [[Holger Meins]] dies after 58 days of [[hunger strike]].

=== Fall of the Berlin Wall ===
{{Main|Fall of the Berlin Wall}}
9 November 1989: The [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] ended [[Division of Germany|the separation of Germany]] and started a series of events that ultimately led to [[German reunification]]. November 9th was originally considered to be the date for [[German Unity Day]], but because it was also the anniversary of ''[[Kristallnacht]]'', this date was considered inappropriate as a national holiday. The date of the formal reunification of Germany, 3 October 1990, was therefore chosen as the date for this German national holiday, and it replaced June 17th, the celebration of the [[uprising of 1953 in East Germany]].<ref>Kosmidou, Eleftheria Rania (2012). ''European Civil War Films: Memory, Conflict, and Nostalgia''.  pp. 9–10. {{ISBN|1136250646}}</ref> East Germany opened checkpoints on this day which allowed people to cross into West Germany.