Editing AI takeover (section)

== Types ==
=== Automation of the economy ===
{{Main|Technological unemployment}}

The traditional consensus among economists has been that technological progress does not cause long-term unemployment. However, recent innovation in the fields of [[robotics]] and artificial intelligence has raised worries that human labor will become obsolete, leaving some people in various sectors without jobs to earn a living, leading to an economic crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Kai-Fu |date=2017-06-24 |title=The Real Threat of Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/24/opinion/sunday/artificial-intelligence-economic-inequality.html |access-date=2017-08-15 |website=[[The New York Times]] |quote=These tools can outperform human beings at a given task. This kind of A.I. is spreading to thousands of domains, and as it does, it will eliminate many jobs. |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417183307/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/24/opinion/sunday/artificial-intelligence-economic-inequality.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Larson |first=Nina |date=2017-06-08 |title=AI 'good for the world'... says ultra-lifelike robot |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-ai-good-world-ultra-lifelike-robot.html |access-date=2017-08-15 |website=[[Phys.org]] |quote=Among the feared consequences of the rise of the robots is the growing impact they will have on human jobs and economies. |archive-date=2020-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306021915/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-ai-good-world-ultra-lifelike-robot.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Santini |first=Jean-Louis |date=2016-02-14 |title=Intelligent robots threaten millions of jobs |url=https://phys.org/news/2016-02-intelligent-robots-threaten-millions-jobs.html#nRlv |access-date=2017-08-15 |website=[[Phys.org]] |quote="We are approaching a time when machines will be able to outperform humans at almost any task," said Moshe Vardi, director of the Institute for Information Technology at Rice University in Texas. |archive-date=2019-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101014340/https://phys.org/news/2016-02-intelligent-robots-threaten-millions-jobs.html#nRlv |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams-Grut |first=Oscar |date=2016-02-15 |title=Robots will steal your job: How AI could increase unemployment and inequality |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-will-steal-your-job-citi-ai-increase-unemployment-inequality-2016-2?r=UK&IR=T |access-date=2017-08-15 |website=[[Businessinsider.com]] |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |quote=Top computer scientists in the US warned that the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and robots in the workplace could cause mass unemployment and dislocated economies, rather than simply unlocking productivity gains and freeing us all up to watch TV and play sports. |archive-date=2017-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061548/http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-will-steal-your-job-citi-ai-increase-unemployment-inequality-2016-2?r=UK&IR=T |url-status=live }}</ref> Many small- and medium-size businesses may also be driven out of business if they cannot afford or licence the latest robotic and AI technology, and may need to focus on areas or services that cannot easily be replaced for continued viability in the face of such technology.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-17 |title=How can SMEs prepare for the rise of the robots? |language=en-US |work=LeanStaff |url=http://www.leanstaff.co.uk/robot-apocalypse/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018073852/http://www.leanstaff.co.uk/robot-apocalypse/ |archive-date=2017-10-18}}</ref>

==== Technologies that may displace workers ====
AI technologies have been widely adopted in recent years. While these technologies have replaced some traditional workers, they also create new opportunities. Industries that are most susceptible to AI takeover include transportation, retail, and military. AI military technologies, for example, allow soldiers to work remotely without risk of injury. A study in 2024 highlights AI's ability to perform routine and repetitive tasks poses significant risks of job displacement, especially in sectors like manufacturing and administrative support.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hassan Soueidan |first1=Mohamad |last2=Shoghari |first2=Rodwan |date=2024-05-09 |title=The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Job Loss: Risks for Governments |url=https://techniumscience.com/index.php/socialsciences/article/view/10917 |journal=Technium Social Sciences Journal |volume=57 |pages=206–223 |language=en-US |doi=10.47577/tssj.v57i1.10917|doi-access=free }}</ref> Author Dave Bond argues that as AI technologies continue to develop and expand, the relationship between humans and robots will change; they will become closely integrated in several aspects of life. AI will likely displace some workers while creating opportunities for new jobs in other sectors, especially in fields where tasks are repeatable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frank|first=Morgan|date=2019-03-25|title=Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=116|issue=14|pages=6531–6539|doi=10.1073/pnas.1900949116|pmid=30910965|pmc=6452673|bibcode=2019PNAS..116.6531F |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bond|first=Dave|title=Artificial Intelligence|year=2017|pages=67–69}}</ref>

==== Computer-integrated manufacturing ====
{{See also|Artificial intelligence in industry}}

[[Computer-integrated manufacturing]] uses computers to control the production process. This allows individual processes to exchange information with each other and initiate actions. Although manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone by the integration of computers, the main advantage is the ability to create automated manufacturing processes. Computer-integrated manufacturing is used in automotive, aviation, space, and ship building industries.

==== White-collar machines ====
{{See also|White-collar worker}}

The 21st century has seen a variety of skilled tasks partially taken over by machines, including translation, legal research, and journalism. Care work, entertainment, and other tasks requiring empathy, previously thought safe from automation, have also begun to be performed by robots.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Skidelsky |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky |date=2013-02-19 |title=Rise of the robots: what will the future of work look like? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/feb/19/rise-of-robots-future-of-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203821/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/feb/19/rise-of-robots-future-of-work |archive-date=2019-04-03 |access-date=14 July 2015 |work=The Guardian |location=London, England}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bria |first=Francesca |date=February 2016 |title=The robot economy may already have arrived |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/francesca-bria/robot-economy-full-automation-work-future |access-date=20 May 2016 |publisher=[[openDemocracy]] |archive-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517215840/https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/francesca-bria/robot-economy-full-automation-work-future |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srnicek |first=Nick |author-link=Nick Srnicek |date=March 2016 |title=4 Reasons Why Technological Unemployment Might Really Be Different This Time |url=http://wire.novaramedia.com/2015/03/4-reasons-why-technological-unemployment-might-really-be-different-this-time/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625161447/http://wire.novaramedia.com/2015/03/4-reasons-why-technological-unemployment-might-really-be-different-this-time/ |archive-date=25 June 2016 |access-date=20 May 2016 |publisher=novara wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brynjolfsson |first1=Erik |title=The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies |last2=McAfee |first2=Andrew |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2014 |isbn=978-0393239355 |chapter=''passim'', see esp Chpt. 9}}</ref>

==== Autonomous cars ====

An [[Self-driving car|autonomous car]] is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input. Many such vehicles are operational and others are being developed, with [[Regulation of self-driving cars|legislation]] rapidly expanding to allow their use. Obstacles to widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles have included concerns about the resulting loss of driving-related jobs in the road transport industry, and safety concerns. On March 18, 2018, [[Death of Elaine Herzberg|the first human was killed]] by an autonomous vehicle in [[Tempe, Arizona]] by an [[Uber]] self-driving car.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wakabayashi |first=Daisuke |date=March 19, 2018 |title=Self-Driving Uber Car Kills Pedestrian in Arizona, Where Robots Roam |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/technology/uber-driverless-fatality.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421221918/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/technology/uber-driverless-fatality.html |archive-date=April 21, 2020 |access-date=March 23, 2018 |work=New York Times |location=New York, New York}}</ref>

==== AI-generated content ====
{{See also|Artificial intelligence art}}
The use of automated content has become relevant since the technological advancements in artificial intelligence models such as [[ChatGPT]], [[DALL-E]], and [[Stable Diffusion]]. In most cases, AI-generated content such as imagery, literature, and music are produced through text prompts and these AI models have been integrated into other creative programs. Artists are threatened by displacement from AI-generated content due to these models sampling from other creative works, producing results sometimes indiscernible to those of man-made content. This complication has become widespread enough to where other artists and programmers are creating software and utility programs to retaliate against these text-to-image models from giving accurate outputs. While some industries in the economy benefit from artificial intelligence through new jobs, this issue does not create new jobs and threatens replacement entirely. It has made public headlines in the media recently: In February 2024, [[Willy's Chocolate Experience]] in [[Glasgow, Scotland]] was an infamous children's event in which the imagery and scripts were created using artificial intelligence models to the dismay of children, parents, and actors involved. There is an ongoing lawsuit placed against [[OpenAI]] from ''[[The New York Times]]'' where it is claimed that there is copyright infringement due to the sampling methods their artificial intelligence models use for their outputs.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Jiang | first1 = Harry H. | last2 = Brown | first2 = Lauren  | last3 = Cheng | first3 = Jessica | last4 = Khan | first4 = Mehtab | last5 = Gupta | first5 = Abhishek | last6 = Workman | first6 = Deja | last7 = Hanna | first7 = Alex | last8 = Flowers | first8 = Johnathan | last9 = Gebru | first9 = Timnit | chapter = AI Art and its Impact on Artists | title = Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society | pages = 363–374 | publisher = Association for Computing Machinery | date = 29 August 2023 | doi = 10.1145/3600211.3604681 | doi-access = free | isbn = 979-8-4007-0231-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv | title = Can There be Art Without an Artist? | last1 = Ghosh | first1 = Avijit | last2 = Fossas | first2 = Genoveva | date = 19 November 2022 | class = cs.AI | eprint = 2209.07667 }}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv | title = Glaze: Protecting Artists from Style Mimicry by Text-to-Image Models | last1 = Shan | first1 = Shawn | last2 = Cryan | first2 = Jenna | last3 = Wenger | first3 = Emily | last4 = Zheng | first4 = Haitao | last5 = Hanocka | first5 = Rana | last6 = Zhao | first6 = Ben Y. | date = 3 August 2023 | class = cs.CR | eprint = 2302.04222 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Brooks | first = Libby | title = Glasgow Willy Wonka experience called a 'farce' as tickets refunded | work = The Guardian | date = 27 February 2024 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/feb/27/glasgow-willy-wonka-experience-slammed-as-farce-as-tickets-refunded | access-date = 2 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last1 = Metz | first1 = Cade | last2 = Robertson | first2 = Katie | title = OpenAI Seeks to Dismiss Parts of The New York Times's Lawsuit | work = The New York Times | date = 27 February 2024 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/27/technology/openai-new-york-times-lawsuit.html?smid=url-share | access-date = 4 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Eradication ===
{{Main|Existential risk from artificial general intelligence}}

Scientists such as [[Stephen Hawking]] are confident that superhuman artificial intelligence is physically possible, stating "there is no physical law precluding particles from being organised in ways that perform even more advanced computations than the arrangements of particles in human brains".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hawking |first1=Stephen |last2=Russell |first2=Stuart J. |author2-link=Stuart J. Russell |last3=Tegmark |first3=Max |author3-link=Max Tegmark |last4=Wilczek |first4=Frank |author4-link=Frank Wilczek |date=1 May 2014 |title=Stephen Hawking: 'Transcendence looks at the implications of artificial intelligence - but are we taking AI seriously enough?' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-transcendence-looks-at-the-implications-of-artificial-intelligence-but-are-we-taking-9313474.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002023652/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-transcendence-looks-at-the-implications-of-artificial-intelligence-but-are-we-taking-9313474.html |archive-date=2015-10-02 |access-date=1 April 2016 |work=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Müller | first1=Vincent C. | author-link1=Vincent C. Müller | last2=Bostrom | first2=Nick | author-link2=Nick Bostrom | title=Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence | chapter=Future Progress in Artificial Intelligence: A Survey of Expert Opinion | publisher=Springer | year=2016 | isbn=978-3-319-26483-7 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-26485-1_33 | pages=555–572 | chapter-url=https://nickbostrom.com/papers/survey.pdf | quote=AI systems will... reach overall human ability... very likely (with 90% probability) by 2075. From reaching human ability, it will move on to superintelligence within 30 years (75%)... So, (most of the AI experts responding to the surveys) think that superintelligence is likely to come in a few decades... | access-date=2022-06-16 | archive-date=2022-05-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531142709/https://nickbostrom.com/papers/survey.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Scholars like [[Nick Bostrom]] debate how far off superhuman intelligence is, and whether it poses a risk to mankind. According to Bostrom, a superintelligent machine would not necessarily be motivated by the same ''emotional'' desire to collect power that often drives human beings but might rather treat power as a means toward attaining its ultimate goals; taking over the world would both increase its access to resources and help to prevent other agents from stopping the machine's plans. As an oversimplified example, a [[Instrumental convergence#Paperclip maximizer|paperclip maximizer]] designed solely to create as many paperclips as possible would want to take over the world so that it can use all of the world's resources to create as many paperclips as possible, and, additionally, prevent humans from shutting it down or using those resources on things other than paperclips.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bostrom | first=Nick | title=The Superintelligent Will: Motivation and Instrumental Rationality in Advanced Artificial Agents | journal=Minds and Machines | publisher=Springer | volume=22 | issue=2 | year=2012 | doi=10.1007/s11023-012-9281-3 | pages=71–85 | s2cid=254835485 | url=https://nickbostrom.com/superintelligentwill.pdf | access-date=2022-06-16 | archive-date=2022-07-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709032134/https://nickbostrom.com/superintelligentwill.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>