Editing ASLEF (section)

==History==

===Foundation===
In 1865, [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]] footplatemen founded a union called the Engine Drivers' and [[Fireman (steam engine)|Firemen's]] Society.<ref name=Raynes22>Raynes, 1921, p. 22.</ref> It unsuccessfully attempted [[strike action]], as a result of which the NER was able to break up the Society.<ref name=Raynes22/>

In 1872, an [[Industrial unionism|industrial union]], the [[Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants]], was founded with the support of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] MP [[Michael Bass, 1st Baron Burton|Michael Bass]].<ref>Raynes, 1921, pp. 23–24.</ref> In 1872, the ASRS reported having 17,247 members, but by 1882, this had declined to only 6,321.<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 24.</ref>

By the end of the 1870s, many UK railway companies had increased the working week from 60 to 66 hours, a 12-hour working day was common and wages had been reduced.<ref name=Raynes28>Raynes, 1921, p. 28.</ref> The [[Great Western Railway]] had not increased wages since 1867, had increased the working day from 10 to 12 hours in 1878 and then reduced wages for all but the most junior drivers and firemen in 1879.<ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 21.</ref> In 1879, almost 2,000 GWR locomotive drivers and firemen<ref name=Raynes28/> signed an ASRS petition to the GWR Board of Directors requesting a restoration of the 1867 conditions of service and rates of pay.<ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 12.</ref> The GWR reacted by refusing to meet the ASRS representatives<ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 14.</ref> and dismissing several of the petitioners from their jobs.<ref name=Raynes29>Raynes, 1921, p. 29.</ref>

As a result of this defeat, in 1879, drivers and firemen from [[Griffithstown]], [[Pontypool]], South Wales, started to organise to form a [[Craft unionism|craft union]] separate from the ASRS.<ref name=Raynes29/> At the time there were similar moves in parts of England towards founding an enginemen's union. A large number of drivers and firemen met in [[Birmingham]] on 9 December 1879 and resolved to form a National Society of Drivers and Firemen.<ref name=Raynes29/> There was a similar move by [[Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway]] drivers and firemen at [[Sheffield]], whom the Pontypool group called '' "the first founders of the Society"''.<ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 30.</ref> The Sheffield branch opened on 7 February 1880 with William Ullyott, one of its leaders, as the first member.<ref name=McKillop27>McKillop, 1950, p. 27.</ref> Pontypool branch followed on 15 February, led by Charles H. Perry,<ref name=McKillop27/> one of the drivers who had unsuccessfully petitioned the GWR board the previous year. ASLEF officially records Perry as its founder.<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 31.</ref><ref>McKillop, 1950, plate opposite p. 19.</ref> In the remainder of 1880 ASLEF opened branches at [[Tondu]], [[Liverpool]] and [[Leeds]] (April), [[Neath]] (May), [[Bradford]] (June), and [[Carnforth]] (July).<ref name=McKillop27/><ref>Raynes, 1921, pp. 31–32.</ref>

ASLEF adopted and published its first Rule Book in 1881.<ref name=ASLEF1>ASLEF, 1990, p. 1.</ref> Its title page reproduced a stanza of [[Robert Burns]]' "[[Man's inhumanity to man|Man was made to mourn: A Dirge]]":

<blockquote><poem>
If I'm yon haughty lordling's slave
By Nature's law designed,
Why was an independent wish
E'er planted in my mind?
If not, why am I subject to
His cruelty or scorn?
Or why has man the will and pow'r
To make his fellow mourn?
<ref name=ASLEF1/></poem></blockquote>

[[File:The Commercial (37237673066).jpg|thumb|right|Blue plaque on the Commercial Inn, Holbeck]]
[[File:Engines and men- the history of the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen. A survey of organisation of railways and railway locomotive men (IA enginesmenhistor00rayniala) (page 225 crop).jpg|thumb|upright|The union's Head Office, 8, Park Square, Leeds, in 1920]]

For economy's sake, ASLEF initially chose to be managed by its Leeds branch,<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 32.</ref> as a result of which its first head office was at the Commercial Inn, Sweet Street, [[Holbeck]].<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 45.</ref> It moved to 17 Mill Hill Chambers, Leeds, in 1885, and again to 8 Park Square, Leeds, in 1904.<ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 365.</ref> In 1921, it moved to London by buying a house at 9 Arkwright Road, [[Hampstead]],<ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 366.</ref> from the family of the late [[Sir Joseph Beecham, 1st Baronet|Sir Joseph Beecham, Bt]]. For a period in the second half of the 20th century ASLEF also owned the next-door house at 7 Arkwright Road.

===Relations with industrial unionism===
In the 1880s ASLEF's foundation as a craft union exclusively for one defined part of the railway workforce went against the industrial unionist trend of the [[New Unionism]] movement. In 1880, the ASRS denounced the enginemen's decision as ''"very selfish"'' and ''"an act of folly"''<ref name=Raynes40>Raynes, 1921, p. 40.</ref> and declared ''"the sooner our friends the enginemen... give up the idea of forming a separate Association the better"''.<ref name=Raynes40/><ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 25.</ref>

ASLEF succeeded in getting more locomotive drivers and firemen to join a trade union, but it has never succeeded in recruiting all drivers or firemen. In 1900, the ASRS wanted amalgamation,<ref name=Raynes124>Raynes, 1921, p. 124.</ref> but ASLEF proposed federation with the drivers and firemen of the ASRS.<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 110.</ref> A Scheme of Federation was drafted and ASLEF's triennial conference adopted it in 1903.<ref name=Raynes124/> There were joint meetings of the Executive Committees of the two unions until 1906 when relations broke down.<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 125.</ref>

In 1907, [[David Lloyd George]], [[president of the Board of Trade]], brought about a conciliation board for the railway industry with representatives of both the companies and their workforces.<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 140.</ref> ASLEF initially welcomed the new board,<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 141.</ref> but later grew dissatisfied with its slow operation and dubbed it a "confiscation" board.<ref>Raynes, 1921, pp. 147–148.</ref> In August 1911, the ASRS, ASLEF, the United Pointsmen's and Signalmen's Society (founded 1880) and the General Railway Workers' Union (founded 1889) jointly called the United Kingdom's [[National Railway strike of 1911|first national rail strike]].<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 148.</ref> In only two days it succeeded in forcing the [[Liberal Government 1905–1915|Liberal Government]] to set up a [[Royal Commission#United Kingdom|Royal Commission]] to examine the workings of the 1907 conciliation board.<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 151.</ref>

ASLEF's then General Secretary, [[Albert E. Fox]], claimed that the 1911 victory showed there was no need to amalgamate with the ASRS and that Federation should be restored.<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 154.</ref> Fox drafted a new federation scheme, but in October 1911, the ASRS rejected ''"the further extension of sectionalism contained therein"'' and expressed the opinion that the success of the national strike indicated ''"that one railway union will prove to be most beneficial for all railwaymen"''.<ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 96.</ref> In 1913,<ref name=Raynes165>Raynes, 1921, p. 165.</ref> the ASRS, GRWU and UPSS duly merged to form the [[National Union of Railwaymen]]. ASLEF stayed out of the new industrial union and held to the slogan ''"organise your trade, federate your industry"''<ref name=Raynes165/> coined by Fox.

During the First World War the cost of living increased rapidly. From July 1914 to September 1915, for example, [[food prices]] rose 37%.<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 178.</ref> For the duration of the war, the government was in control of the railways. Wages were increased, but at a slower rate than the rise in the cost of living.<ref>Raynes, 1921, pp. 178–179.</ref> NUR and ASLEF responded jointly, and forced the [[Board of Trade]] to award wage increases in September 1916 and April 1917.<ref>Raynes, 1921, pp. 181–182.</ref> In March 1919, the [[United Kingdom coalition government (1916–1922)|coalition government]] indicated that it intended to review the War Wage, with a view to reducing it at the end of the year.<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 263.</ref> The NUR and ASLEF started a second national railway strike in September 1919,<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 266.</ref> which in nine days won both a change in pay policy and the reduction of the working day to eight hours.<ref>Raynes, 1921, p. 269.</ref>

After 1919, control of the railways was returned to the companies, and in 1923, the [[Railways Act 1921]] merged about 120 of Great Britain's railways into four large regional companies. In December 1923, the new companies presented proposals that included some reductions in locomotive men's pay and conditions.<ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 136.</ref> Negotiations broke down and ASLEF ordered its members to strike, but the NUR instructed its members – including locomotivemen – to stay at work.<ref>McKillop, 1950, pp. 136–140.</ref> After another nine-day strike, ASLEF was victorious, but the disagreement between ASLEF and the NUR left deep division.<ref>McKillop, 1950, pp. 140–141.</ref>

Eventually ASLEF and the NUR agreed a new Railway Union Federation in 1982, but this failed to end mutual suspicion. About the time that the NUR and [[National Union of Seamen]] merged in 1990 to form the [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers|RMT]] the federation broke down, and neither federation nor merger has been negotiated since.

===Major industrial disputes===
ASLEF has taken part in several national rail strikes. The 1911 joint strike with the ASRS, 1919 joint strike with the NUR and 1924 strike of ASLEF without the NUR are described above. ASLEF<ref>McKillop, 1950, pp. 169–179.</ref> and the NUR were prominent participants in the [[1926 United Kingdom general strike|1926 general strike]] that unsuccessfully sought to prevent British coal companies from reducing mineworkers' pay and conditions.

In 1955, ASLEF struck against [[British Rail]]ways for seventeen days in a pay dispute.<ref>Rose, 1986, p. 37.</ref> In 1982, both ASLEF and the NUR opposed BR proposals for flexible rostering but they failed to co-ordinate strike action.<ref name=Rose43-44>Rose, 1986, pp. 43–44.</ref> First the NUR struck against BR and ASLEF instructed its members to cross NUR [[Picketing (protest)|picket line]]s.<ref name=Rose43-44/> Then after the end of the NUR's dispute, ASLEF held its own strike against BR.<ref>Rose, 1986, pp. 41–43.</ref>

There have also been local disputes with individual railway operators such as those with [[London Underground]] in 1982, 1989 and 1996.

===Since railway privatisation===
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2011}}
In the latter years of [[British Rail]], train drivers were on a basic salary of around £12,000 per annum,{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} supplemented by a set of enhancements for unsocial hours and overtime approximately £4,000–£5,000. Sunday had never formed part of the basic working week for train drivers in the UK, and was instead worked as overtime. Thus many drivers chose to work Sundays in order to make a better income. British Rail was run in all departments on an overtime culture to reduce overall wage bills resulting from having to employ extra staff to fill what would be uncovered vacancies. This approach had implications for fatigue and excessive hours, which partly contributed to the [[Clapham Junction rail crash]] in 1988.

From 1995 onwards, the [[Railways Act 1993]] was implemented to [[privatisation of British Rail|privatise British Rail]]. In the first few years thereafter, ASLEF negotiated improved pay and conditions of service for its members from the new [[train operating company|train operating companies]].

Train drivers are now amongst the highest-paid associate professional (as defined by UK government) workers in the UK.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} ASLEF aims to increase basic pay so the "overtime culture" is reduced or eliminated, in the hope that more jobs will be created to cover the work that is not covered by overtime. The health and safety issues related to overtime and fatigue<ref>{{cite web |title=Overtime and Fatigue |url=http://www.rssb.co.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/pdf/fatigue.pdf |access-date=18 June 2012}} {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> would also be minimised.

===Membership===
The record of membership numbers is not complete for all years of the society's history. However, some key years will give an indication of ASLEF's growth in its first seven decades.

* 1881: 651<ref name=Raynes293>Raynes, 1921, p. 293.</ref>
* 1889: 5,039<ref name=Raynes293/>
* 1892: 6,710<ref name=Raynes293/>
* 1894: 7,524<ref name=Raynes293/>
* 1901: 10,502<ref name=Raynes293/>
* 1908: 19,800<ref name=Raynes293/>
* 1910: 19,800<ref name=Raynes293/>
* 1913: 32,200<ref name=Raynes293/>
* 1916: 34,039<ref name=Raynes293/>
* 1918: 39,940<ref name=Raynes293/>
* 1919: 57,184<ref name=Raynes293/>
* 1937: 53,857<ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 368.</ref>
* 1939: 53,325<ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 369.</ref>
* 1946: 71,842<ref>McKillop, 1950, p. 370.</ref>
* 2011: 18,500+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aslef.org.uk/information/100011/about_us/ |title=ASLEF – About ASLEF |access-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124051719/http://www.aslef.org.uk/information/100011/about_us/ |archive-date=24 January 2012}}</ref>
* 2014: 20,364<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/425508/23T_2014.pdf |title=Form AR21 Annual Return for a Trade Union |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref>
* 2017: 21,791