Editing ATACMS (section)

==History==
=== Pre-development ===
The concept of a conventional tactical ballistic missile was made possible by the doctrinal shift of the late [[Cold War]], which rejected the indispensability of an early nuclear strike on the [[Warsaw Pact]] forces in the event the Cold War went hot.<ref name="Romanczuk">{{Cite report|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA517010|title=Lessons From Army System Developments. Volume 2: Case Studies: Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS)|last=Romanczuk|first=Glenn E.|date=11 August 2002|publisher=Alabama Univ in Huntsville Research Inst|location=Huntsville, Alabama|pages=B{{hyphen}}1–B{{hyphen}}23 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430055232/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA517010 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2022 }}</ref> The [[AirLand Battle]] and [[Follow-on Forces Attack]] doctrines, which emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, necessitated a conventional-armed (hence much more accurate) missile to strike enemy reserves, so the [[United States Army Aviation and Missile Command]] sponsored the Simplified Inertial Guidance Demonstrator (SIG-D) program.<ref name="Romanczuk" />

Within this program, [[Ling-Temco-Vought]] developed a solid-fuel analog of the [[MGM-52 Lance]] missile, designated T-22,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/t-22.htm|title=T-22 (SIG-D, Assault Bereaker) SRBM|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206114045/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/t-22.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> with a new [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLG]]-based [[Inertial navigation system|inertial guidance package]], which demonstrated unprecedented accuracy.<ref name="Romanczuk" /> In 1978, [[DARPA]] started the [[Assault Breaker]] technology demonstration program to attack armor formations with many mobile hard targets at standoff ranges. It used the T-22 missile and the Patriot-based [[Martin Marietta]] T-16 missile with cluster warheads.

In March 1980 the [[U.S. Army]] decided to replace the Lance with a similar nuclear, but also chemical or biological, tipped solid-fuel missile with simplified usability dubbed the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS). In a year, concerned about the fact Army started to develop the weapon with a similar objectives to interdict the [[second-echelon]] massed targets to already developing by [[USAF]]'s Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) program with only difference of surface/air-launched and both positioned as the part of same Short Range Nuclear Forces of Non-Strategic Nuclear Force Program, the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] subdued CSWS Project Office (Provisional) to [[MICOM]] renaming it to the System Development Office. That new office acquired the [[Assault Breaker]] effort thus started to manage the Assault Breaker and CSWS efforts together, that way slowly summing up and moving forward the weapon development progress for the JTACMS program to be сreated.<ref name="history.redstone.army.mil">{{Cite web |title=The United States Army |url=https://history.redstone.army.mil/miss-tacms.html |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=history.redstone.army.mil |archive-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306212751/http://history.redstone.army.mil/miss-tacms.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Google books|oB8UilYjO2wC|Defense Department Authorization and Oversight: Research, development, test, and evaluation.&nbsp;United States,&nbsp;U.S. Government Printing Office,&nbsp;1983.|page=158|keywords="Conventional Standoff Weapon"}}</ref>

=== Development ===
Development of the missile now known as ATACMS started in 1980, when the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] decided to replace the Lance with a similar nuclear, but also chemical or biological, tipped solid-fuel missile dubbed the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS). Concerned that two branches were developing too many similar missiles with different warheads, the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] merged the program with DARPA's Assault Breaker in 1981, and with [[United States Air Force]] (USAF)'s Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) in 1982–1983.<ref name="history.redstone.army.mil" />

The new missile system, designated Joint Tactical Missile System (JTACMS), soon encountered USAF resistance to the idea of an [[air-launched ballistic missile]]. As a result, in 1984 the USAF ended its participation in the non-cruise missile portion of the program, leading to the missile being re-designated as the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS).<ref name="history.redstone.army.mil"/>

==== Details ====
In [[fiscal year]] 1982, the [[United States House Committee on Appropriations]] approved the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS) program, which was the successor to the [[US Army]] [[Assault Breaker]] program in cooperation with [[DARPA]], was merged with the Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) [[US Air Force]] and renamed the Joint Tactical Missile System (JTACMS), the goal of which was to create a weapon that meets the combined requirements of both programs, namely, that it can attack and destroy the [[second-echelon]] of enemy forces, in particular [[armored vehicle]]s, and scatter submunitions against such vehicles. In this project, it was planned to use the technologies of Assault Breaker to develop a [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] weapon system, which should be used for the so-called "deep interdiction" (some sort of preventive measure, the prototype of which is [[air interdiction]] used by air force) – by which is meant the destruction or causing significant damage by the joint activity of air and ground forces to the specific distant from the [[front line]] targets, such as buildings, bridges, [[oil refinery|oil refineries]] and other [[Industry (manufacturing)|industry]], that way slowing down logistics and/or providing and/or supporting and, therefore, advancing enemy troops with the aim of [[Military tactics|tactical]], even albeit short-term, superiority of allied troops, which can significantly affect the [[military theater]] in a positive way,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://ausairpower.net/longbow-aa.html | title=AH-64D Apache Longbow Flight Report | journal=Australian Aviation | date=April 1999 | volume=1999 | last1=Kopp | first1=Carlo }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deneldynamics.co.za/products/missiles/stand-off-weapons/al-tariq- | title=Al-Tariq &#124; Denel Dynamics }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Baumann |first1=Robert |title=Deep Operations: Theoretical Approaches to Fighting Deep |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/images/LSCO%20DeepOps%20book%20interactive%20with%20cover%20spread%2012Nov21.pdf |publisher=[[United States Army Combined Arms Center]] |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208183737/https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/images/LSCO%20DeepOps%20book%20interactive%20with%20cover%20spread%2012Nov21.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2021 |date=November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Laughbaum |first1=R. Kent |title=Synchronizing Airpower and Firepower in the Deep Battle |url=https://media.defense.gov/2017/Nov/21/2001847061/-1/-1/0/CP_0003_LAUGHBAUM_SYNCHRONIZING_AIRPOWER_FIREPOWER.PDF |website=media.defense.gov |publisher=[[Air University Press]] |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229183637/https://media.defense.gov/2017/Nov/21/2001847061/-1/-1/0/CP_0003_LAUGHBAUM_SYNCHRONIZING_AIRPOWER_FIREPOWER.PDF |archive-date=29 December 2022 |date=January 1999 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wolver |first1=Gary |title=Command, Control, and Coordination of the Joint Battlefield Interdiction Area |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA307607.pdf |website=apps.dtic.mil |publisher=[[Naval War College]] |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901205605/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA307607.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2024 |date=12 February 1996 |url-status=live}}</ref> – using [[Conventional weapons|conventional]] or [[Nuclear weapons|nuclear]] weapons on the [[battlefield]]. Although both services were to participate in the development of the weapon, it was the US Army who led the JTACMS program.<ref>{{Google books|_uBZjgxo_BgC|Department of Defense Appropriations for 1984. Part 1 (1983). United States of America: U.S. Government Printing Office.|page=125|keywords="In FY 1982, we merged"}}</ref><ref>{{Google books|mo8cAAAAMAAJ|Department of Defense Appropriations for 1984. Part 5 (1983). United States of America: U.S. Government Printing Office.|page=610|keywords="Joint tactical missile system"}}</ref>

The program was initially led by Colonel James B. Lincoln, who was a full-time and continuous student at numerous military schools (from 1960, when he graduated from the [[United States Military Academy]], until 1980, when he graduated from [[Industrial College of the Armed Forces]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.redstone.army.mil/miss-jamesblincoln.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820093904/https://history.redstone.army.mil/miss-jamesblincoln.html |archive-date=20 August 2024 |title=Colonel James Lincoln}}</ref> in 1977 on the basis of [[Defense Systems Management College]] graduated with a [[thesis]] of "Managing Total Acquisition Time: A New Priority for Major Weapon Systems", where, in particular, he focused on the significant decrease in the pace of procurement of the main missile complexes compared to 1971<ref>{{Google books|bXEMGFURzJ0C|Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States, Defense Systems Management College, 1980.|page=19|keywords="james B. Lincoln"}}</ref> and in 1980, heading the [[TRADOC]] program at [[Fort Sill]] in the direction of [[MLRS]], spoke rather defiantly about field army systems, where, in particular, he compared the struggle of the US Army for limited resources during the development of new systems with [[bow wave]], which prevents the ship from accelerating, and military projects are either canceled or refinanced by the state, with waves diverging from it,<ref>{{Google books|bXEMGFURzJ0C|Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1980.|page=20|keywords="james B. Lincoln"}}</ref> and was noticed by [[DARCOM]].<ref>{{Google books|bXEMGFURzJ0C| Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1980.|page=118|keywords="james B. Lincoln"}}</ref> In April 1984, he was transferred to be the head of the [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW]] project, and in the current project he was replaced by Colonel William J. Fiorentino, who by that time had already been the head of the [[Pershing Project Manager's Office]] for more than 5 years, which during his leadership developed two-stage solid fuel [[Mobile launcher vehicle|mobile-launched]] [[ballistic missiles]] with a nuclear warhead both [[Short-range ballistic missile|short]] ([[MGM-31 Pershing|Pershing]]) and [[Medium-range ballistic missile|medium]] ([[Pershing II]]) ranged.<ref>{{Google books|MujM-46YO0MC|Program Manager: The Defense Systems Management College Newsletter. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1981.|keywords="J. Fiorentino"}}</ref> Dr. Billy Tidwell who was program manager during JTACMS while and Acting Program Manager for a short period.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lucas |first1=William |last2=Rhoades |first2=Richard |title=Lessons from army system developments {{!}} Volume II Case Studies |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA517010.pdf |website=apps.dtic.mil |publisher=[[University of Alabama in Huntsville]] {{!}} [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430055145/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA517010.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2022 |date=June 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In FY 1984 Congress prohibited the development of a nuclear warhead for JTACMS, despite the Army claiming it could place US forces at a disadvantage if it became necessary to make the system nuclear-capable. In FY 1985 the Army denied having R&D funds programmed for the development of a JTACMS nuclear warhead.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta80o5lxMAsC&dq=JTACMS+Project+manager&pg=PA425 | title=Department of Defense appropriations for fiscal year 1985: Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session | date=1984 | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages = 422–425 }}</ref>

On May, 22th, 1984 the U.S. Army and USAF signed an agreeing on a list of 31 initiatives. Item 18 on that list states  about services will develop a different types of same rocket for each of it – preferences for Army was a development of shorter-ranged  ground-launched system, for air-force – air-launched system.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta80o5lxMAsC&dq=JTACMS+Project+manager&pg=PA425 | title=Department of Defense appropriations for fiscal year 1985: Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session | date=1984 | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office }}</ref>

JTACMS was intended to be a jointly funded program with NATO allies; the [[United Kingdom]], [[Federal Republic of Germany]], [[Belgium]], [[the Netherlands]] and [[Italy]] were initially contacted about joining the program, with the British and Germans expressing interest, while the others declined due to lacking adequate funds.<ref name="auto2"/>

Starting from at least the end of year 1986, the ATACMS program was led by Colonel Thomas J. Kunhart.<ref>{{Google books|hoEEqewyxswC|Army RD & A Magazine.&nbsp;United States,&nbsp;HQ, U.S. Army Materiel Command,&nbsp;1986.|keywords="Kunhart"}}</ref>

=== Production ===
In March 1986, Ling-Temco-Vought won the contract for the missile design. The system was assigned the MGM-140 designation. The first test launch came two years later, thanks to earlier experience of the company with previous programs.

In 2007, the U.S. Army terminated the ATACMS program due to cost, ending the ability to replenish stocks. To sustain the remaining inventory, the ATACMS Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) was launched, which refurbishes or replaces propulsion and navigation systems, replaces [[cluster munition]] warheads with the unitary [[Blast-fragmentation|blast fragmentation]] warhead, and adds a [[proximity fuze]] option to obtain area effects. Deliveries were projected to start in 2018. The ATACMS SLEP is a bridging initiative to provide time to complete analysis and development of a successor capability to the aging ATACMS stockpile, which could be ready around 2022.{{Update inline|date=October 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 May 2014|title=ARCIC / Exclusive / Capabilities Development for Long Range Precision Fires|url=http://www.arcic.army.mil/Articles/cdd-Capabilities-Development-For-Long-Range-Precision-Fires.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321220100/http://www.arcic.army.mil/Articles/cdd-Capabilities-Development-For-Long-Range-Precision-Fires.aspx|archive-date=21 March 2015|website=ARCIC.Army.mil}}</ref>

The [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023]] authorized the production and procurement of up to 1,700 additional ATACMS, but this was not funded by the 2023 Defense Appropriations Act.<ref name="Altman 2023 l764">{{cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |date=22 June 2023 |title=Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb Won't Make Ukraine Combat Debut Till Fall |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ground-launched-small-diameter-bomb-wont-make-ukraine-combat-debut-till-fall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920132318/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ground-launched-small-diameter-bomb-wont-make-ukraine-combat-debut-till-fall |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=The Drive}}</ref><ref name="NDAA 2023">{{cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=National Defense Authorization Act 2023 |url=https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ263/PLAW-117publ263.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722104243/https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ263/PLAW-117publ263.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=rules.house.gov |page=452}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2024}}

=== Stockpile upgrades ===

In January 2015, Lockheed Martin received a contract to develop and test new hardware for Block I ATACMS missiles to eliminate the risk of unexploded ordnance by 2016.<ref name="armyreco8jan15" /><ref name="armedint8jan15" /> The first modernized Tactical Missile System (TACMS) was delivered in September 2016 with updated guidance electronics and added capability to defeat area targets using a unitary warhead, without leaving behind unexploded ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 September 2016|title=Lockheed Martin Delivers First Modernized TACMS Missile to US Army|url=http://armyrecognition.com/september_2016_global_defense_security_news_industry/lockheed_martin_delivers_first_modernized_tacms_missile_to_us_army_5290916.html|website=armyrecognition.com|access-date=30 September 2016|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919031027/http://armyrecognition.com/september_2016_global_defense_security_news_industry/lockheed_martin_delivers_first_modernized_tacms_missile_to_us_army_5290916.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2016|title=Precision fires milestone for US Army|url=https://www.military1.com/military-weapons/article/1645199014-precision-fires-milestone-for-us-army/|website=www.military1.com|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019212728/https://www.military1.com/military-weapons/article/1645199014-precision-fires-milestone-for-us-army/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Lockheed was awarded a production contract for launch assemblies as part of the SLEP in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 August 2017|title=Lockheed Martin contracted to provide new launch system for the ATACMS missile|url=https://armyrecognition.com/august_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/lockheed_martin_new_launch_system_atacms_missiles_80408171.html|website=armyrecognition.com|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111170910/https://armyrecognition.com/august_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/lockheed_martin_new_launch_system_atacms_missiles_80408171.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2021, Lockheed Martin was contracted to upgrade existing M39 munitions to the M57 variant with a WDU-18/B warhead from the [[Harpoon missile]] by 2024.<ref name=militaryaerospace-m57>{{cite web|url=https://www.militaryaerospace.com/sensors/article/14207794/munitions-navigation-and-guidance-payloads|title=StackPath|date=30 July 2021 |access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802085218/https://www.militaryaerospace.com/sensors/article/14207794/munitions-navigation-and-guidance-payloads|url-status=live}}</ref>

A plan announced in October 2016 to add an existing seeker to enable the ATACMS to strike moving targets on land and at sea<ref>{{Cite web|last=Freedberg|first=Sydney J. Jr.|date=28 October 2016|title=Carter, Roper Unveil Army's New Ship-Killer Missile: ATACMS Upgrade|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2016/10/army-atacms-missile-will-kill-ships-secdef-carter/|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430055239/https://breakingdefense.com/2016/10/army-atacms-missile-will-kill-ships-secdef-carter/|url-status=live}}</ref> was terminated in December 2020 to pursue other missile efforts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Judson|first=Jen|date=23 December 2020|title=US Army's cross-domain tactical missile dies in FY21 defense spending bill|url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2020/12/23/cross-domain-army-tactical-missile-terminated-in-fy21-defense-spending-bill/|website=[[Defense News]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Replacement ===
Starting in 2016, in view of some lagging in the world arms race, where ATACMS had become outdated, [[Field Artillery Branch (United States)#Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF) CFT|Long-Range Precision Fires]] (LRPF) began to be developed,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://breakingdefense.com/2016/04/winning-the-missile-wars-army-navy-tech-in-hasc-ndaa/ | title=Winning the Missile Wars: Army & Navy Tech in HASC NDAA | date=26 April 2016 }}</ref> which was later renamed [[Precision Strike Missile]] (PrSM), with the idea of replacing ATACMS missiles with the "Increment 1" phase (version) of PrSM.<ref name="Turner" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoehn |first1=John |title=Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/weapons/R45996.pdf |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909072226/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/weapons/R45996.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2021 |date=11 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/precision-strike-missile.html | title=Precision Strike Missile (PRSM) }}</ref>
That exact replacement began to fill the [[U.S. Army]] in late 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://breakingdefense.com/2023/12/lockheed-begins-delivering-prsm-inc-1-to-army/ | title=Lockheed begins delivering long-range PRSM Increment 1 to Army | date=8 December 2023 }}</ref>