Editing Adamawa languages (section)

==Classification==
[[Joseph Greenberg]] postulated the Adamawa languages as a part of Adamawa–Ubangian (then called ''Adamawa–Eastern),'' and divided them into 14 numbered groups. Group G3, [[Daka languages|Daka]] (or Dakoid), is now known to be a branch of [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]. The relationships of the other branches has undergone considerable revision.

There have also been recent attempts at computationally classifying the Adamawa languages.<ref>Hammarström, Harald and [[Guillaume Segerer]]. 2021. ''[https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/de/region/afrika/veranstaltung/archiv/4-6-11-diedrich-westermann-workshop/4-6-11-diedrich-westermann-workshop-powerpoint-und-pdf/2021-11-westermann-berlin-3-3-hammarstroem-segerer-adamawa-computational-classification.pdf Computational experiments in Adamawa sub-classification]''. [https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/en/region/africa/events/archives/4-6-11-2021-diedrich-westermann-workshop/ Diedrich Westermann-Workshop] (West-central African linguistic history between Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo: commemorating Diedrich Westermann’s legacy and the 100th anniversary of the Berlin professorship for African languages), 4–6 November 2021, [[Humboldt University of Berlin]].</ref>

===Greenberg (1963)===
Greenberg's 14 numbered Adamawa groups are:<ref>{{cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Joseph H.|year=1963|ref=africa|title=[[The Languages of Africa]]|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press}} (Heavily revised version of Greenberg 1955. From the same publisher: second, revised edition, 1966; third edition, 1970. All three editions simultaneously published at The Hague by Mouton & Co.)</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Number || Group
|-
| G1 || [[Tula–Waja languages|Tula–Waja]]
|-
| G2 || [[Leko languages|Leko]]
|-
| G3 || [[Daka languages|Daka]]
|-
| G4 || [[Duru languages|Duru]]
|-
| G5 || [[Mumuye–Yendang languages|Mumuye–Yendang]]
|-
| G6 || [[Mbum languages|Mbum]]
|-
| G7 || [[Yungur languages|Bəna–Mboi]] (Yungur)
|-
| G8 || [[Nyingwom language|Nyimwom]] (Kam)
|-
| G9 || [[Jen languages|Bikwin–Jen]]
|-
| G10 || [[Longuda language|Longuda]]
|-
| G11 || [[Fali languages|Fali]]
|-
| G12 || [[Nimbari language|Nimbari]]
|-
| G13 || [[Bua languages|Bua]]
|-
| G14 || [[Kim languages|Kim]]
|}

===Boyd (1989)===
Boyd (1989) added the [[Day language]] and classified them as follows:<ref>Boyd, Raymond. 1989. Adamawa-Ubangi. In Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.), ''The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family'', 178-215. Lanham MD, New York & London: University Press of America.</ref>

{{tree list}}
* '''Adamawa'''
** [[Leko–Nimbari languages|Leko–Nimbari]] (or Chamba–Mumuye)
*** [[Duru languages|Duru]]: G4
*** [[Leko languages|Leko]]: G2
*** [[Mumuye–Yendang languages|Mumuye–Yendang]]: G5
*** ''[[Nimbari language|Nimbari]]:'' G12
** [[Mbum–Day languages|Mbum–Day]]
*** [[Bua languages|Bua]]: G13
*** [[Kim languages|Kim]]: G14
*** [[Mbum languages|Mbum]]: G6
*** ''[[Day language|Day]]''
**[[Waja–Jen languages|Waja–Jen]]
*** [[Jen languages|Bikwin–Jen]] (or Jen): G9
*** [[Tula–Waja languages|Tula–Wiyaa]] (or Waja): G1
*** [[Yungur languages|Bəna–Mboi]] (or Yungur): G7
*** ''[[Baa language|Baa]]'' ({{aka}} Kwa)
*** ''[[Longuda language|Longuda]]'': G10
** ''[[Nyingwom language|Nyimwom]]'' (or Kam: G8)
{{tree list/end}}

He excluded the [[Fali languages]] (G11).

===Güldemann (2018)===
Güldemann (2018) recognises 14 coherent Adamawa "genealogical units", but is agnostic about their positions within Niger-Congo.<ref name="Guldemann">{{Cite book|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa|last=Güldemann|first=Tom|editor-last=Güldemann|editor-first=Tom|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|chapter=Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-042606-9|doi=10.1515/9783110421668-002|location=Berlin|pages=58–444|series=The World of Linguistics series|volume=11}}</ref>

*[[Tula–Waja languages|Tula-Waja]]
*''[[Longuda language|Longuda]]''
*[[Bena-Mboi languages|Bena-Mboi]]
*[[Bikwin-Jen languages|Bikwin-Jen]]
*[[Duru languages|Samba-Duru]]
*[[Mumuye languages|Mumuyic]]
*[[Yendang languages|Maya]] (Yendangic)
*[[Mbum languages|Kebi-Benue]] (Mbumic)
*[[Kim languages|Kimic]]
*[[Bua languages|Buaic]]
*''[[Day language|Day]]''
*''[[Baa language|Baa]]'' = ''Kwa''
*''[[Nyingwom language|Nyingwom]]'' = ''Kam''
*''[[Fali languages (Cameroon)|Fali]]''

===Kleinewillinghöfer (2019)===
Kleinewillinghöfer (2019), in the Adamawa Languages Project website, recognises the following 17 groups as Adamawa languages.<ref name="Adamawa Language Groups">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2019. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/ Adamawa Language Groups]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref>
*[[Tula–Waja languages|Tula-Waja]] ([[Waja languages|Waja]]): G1<ref name="blogs.uni-mainz.de">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/10/TULA-WAJA-100-wordlist.pdf Tula-Waja comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. (1995 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Tula-Waja-Pronouns-and-Numbers.pdf Tula-Waja pronouns and numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref>
*[[Bikwin-Jen languages|Bikwin-Jen]] (Burak, Jen): G9<ref name="Bikwin-Jen"/><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Bikwin-Jen-Pronouns-and-Numbers-1-10.pdf Bikwin-Jen Pronouns and Numbers 1-10]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref>
*''[[Kam language (Nigeria)|Kam]] (Nyiŋɔm, Nyiwom, Nyingwom)'': G8<ref name="Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich 2015">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/07/Kam-Nyingwom-notes.pdf Some notes on Nyiŋɔm (aka Nyingwom or Kam)]''. (2011 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.</ref>
*[[Longuda language|Longuda]] (Nʋngʋra cluster): G10<ref name="Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich 2014">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/02/Longuda-Nungura-wordlist-100.pdf Longuda ~ Nʋngʋra wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Longuda-pronouns-and-numbers-1-10.pdf Longuda Pronouns and Numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref>
*''[[Baa language|Baa]] (Kwa)''<ref name="Baa Wordlist Swadesh 100">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1993. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/04/Baa-wordlist-100.pdf Baa Wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Baa-pronouns-and-numbers.pdf Baa pronouns and numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref>
*[[Mumuye languages|Mumuye]]: G5
*[[Yendang languages|Yandang]] (Yendang): G5<ref name="The Maya Yendang languages">Blench, Roger; Barau Kato; Zachariah Yoder. 2009. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Yandang%20group/Comparatie%20Yandang.pdf The Maya (Yendang) languages]''.</ref>
*[[Leko languages|Samba]]-[[Duru languages|Duru]] (Chamba-Leko, Leko, Duru, Sama-Duru, Samba Leeko): G2, G4<ref name="Gimme-Vere-Doyayo wordlists">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/06/Gimme-Vere-Doyayo.pdf Gimme-Vere-Doyayo wordlists]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref name="Vere wordlists">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/06/Vere-group-100-.pdf Vere wordlists]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref>
*[[Bena-Mboi languages|Ɓəna-Mboi]] (Yungur): G7<ref name="ReferenceA">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/02/%C6%81%C9%99na-Mboi-YUNGUR-wordlist-100.pdf Ɓəna-Mboi comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Yungur-pronouns-and-numbers.pdf Ɓəna-Mboi pronouns and numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref><ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1992 [2014]. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/02/Evidence-of-noun-classes-in-languages-of-the-Yungur-group.pdf Evidence of noun classes in languages of the Yungur group]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref>
*Kebi-Benue ([[Mbum languages|Mbum]]): G6
*[[Kim languages|Kim]]: G14
*''[[Day language|Day]]''
*[[Bua languages|Bua]]: G13
*''[[Nimbari language|Nimbari]] (Baari, Bari)'': G12 [extinct]<ref>Kastenholz, Raimund; Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer. 2012. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/06/Nimbari.pdf Nimbari as a language name]''. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref>
*''[[Duli language|Duli]] - Gewe (Gey, Gueve)'' [extinct]
*? ''[[Fali languages (Cameroon)|Fali]]'': G11
*? ''[[Chamba Daka language|Chamba-Daka]] ([[Daka language|Daka]])'': G3

Only the [[Tula–Waja languages|Tula-Waja]], [[Longuda language|Longuda]], [[Bena-Mboi languages|Ɓəna-Mboi]], [[Leko languages|Samba]]-[[Duru languages|Duru]], and [[Bua languages|Bua]] groups have [[noun class]]es. The other groups only display vestiges of formerly active noun class systems.<ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2018/06/ADAMAWA-Kleinewillinghoefer_04_02_2014.pdf Adamawa]''. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.</ref>

===Blench (2012, 2020)===
[[Roger Blench]] (2012)<ref>Blench, Roger. 2012. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf Niger-Congo: an alternative view].</ref> concludes that the Adamawa languages are a geographic grouping, not a language family, and breaks up its various branches in his proposed [[Savanna languages|Savannas]] family. He places some of the western Adamawa languages closer to the [[Gur languages]] than to other Adamawa families. Fali is tentatively excluded from Savannas altogether. Blench (2020) retains a connection between Mumuye and Yendang, but breaks up Kleinewillinghöfer's Samba-Duru.