Editing Adat (section)

==Origin==
The word ''adat'' is derived from the [[Arabic]] ''ʿādā́t'' (عادات), the plural form of ''ʿā́da'' (عادَة), meaning custom, or habit, and is considered synonymous with ''[[urf]]'' (عرف), something which is commonly known or accepted.<ref>{{harvnb|Tsing|Abraham|2009|pp=71–76}}</ref> It generally refers to the result of long-standing convention, either deliberately adopted or the result of unconscious adaptation to circumstances, that has been followed where practical considerations have been uppermost.<ref>{{harvnb|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=107}}</ref>

Prior to the arrival of Islam, the peoples of the [[North Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]] had long-established codes of legal and civil law, which in the Islamic period came to be known by the term ''adat''. Adat in traditional Central Asian societies are guided by authoritative members of communities, usually councils of [[Aqsaqal]]s. It is based on a tribal code of conduct and on centuries of experience in conflict resolution between individuals, communities, and tribes.<ref>{{harvnb|Abazov|2005|p=3}}</ref> In the North Caucasus, the traditional value codex of adat held that the [[Teip]] ('clan') was the chief reference for loyalty, honor, shame, and collective responsibility.<ref>{{harvnb|Zurcher|2007|p=14}}</ref> The [[Russian Empire]]'s colonial administration did not interfere with local legal practices and delegated the administration at the local community level to the councils of aqsaqals and teips, as did the [[Bolsheviks]] during the first years of the [[Russian Revolution|revolution of 1917]]. The adat was practiced among the Central Asians and North Caucasians up until the early 1930s, before Soviet authorities banned its use and replaced it with civil law.<ref>{{harvnb|Abazov|2005|p=3}}</ref>

In [[Southeast Asia]], the concept of adat and its meanings were first formulated in the Islamised [[Malay world|Malay-speaking world]], apparently to distinguish non-Islamic from Islamic practices.<ref>{{harvnb|Keanne|1997|p=260}}</ref> In the fifteenth century, the [[Melaka Sultanate|Melaka]] empire developed a code of international shipping law, ''[[Undang-Undang Laut Melaka]]'', and a civil and commercial code, ''[[Undang-Undang Melaka]]'', which was heavily Islamic but with extensive adat influences. These codes would later spread across the region and become the legal source for local jurisprudence in major regional sultanates like [[Brunei Sultanate|Brunei]], [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]], [[Pattani kingdom|Pattani]], and [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fauzia|2013|p=81}}</ref>

In the early decades of the twentieth century, in the [[Dutch East Indies]], the study of adat emerged as a specialised field of inquiry. Although associated with the needs of colonial administration, this study nevertheless gave rise to an active scholarly discipline that dealt with differing systems of adat comparatively.<ref>{{harvnb|Ooi|2004|p=124}}</ref> Among notable scholars in this study were [[Cornelis van Vollenhoven]], Ter Haar, and [[Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Indonesian Customary Law and European Colonialism|url=http://thailawforum.com/articles/Indonesian-Customary-Law-and-European-Colonialism-2.html|journal=Thailand Law Journal|volume=15|issue=Fall|year=2012|access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> Several key concepts that are still being used today within the customary law research in modern Indonesia are: ''adatrecht'' ('adat law'), ''adatrechtskringen'' ('adat law circles'), ''beschikkingsrecht'' (communal rights over land or 'right to avail'), and ''adatrechtsgemeenschappen'' ('adat law communities').<ref>{{harvnb|Hauser Schäublin|2013|p=46}}</ref> The adat law or adatrecht has been used by colonial governments as a legal term designating a prescriptive right, which was given currency as an independent legal entity apart from the [[canon law]]. Local indigenous laws and customs of all ethnic groups, including those of non-Muslims, began to be collectively termed as "adat" and were encoded into units of jural management, whereby legal pluralism in the East Indies was introduced. Under this scheme, based on a classification of adat systems as cultural geographic units, the Dutch divided the East Indies into at least nineteen adat law areas.<ref>{{harvnb|Abdul Ghoffir Muhaimin|2011|p=116}}</ref>