Editing Adelaide (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Adelaide}}

=== Before European settlement ===
[[File:Kaurnaland.png|thumb|upright|alt= Area to the east of Gulf St Vincent highlighted|The approximate extent of Kaurna territory, based on the description by Amery (2000)]]
The area around modern-day Adelaide was originally inhabited by the [[Kaurna]] people, one of many [[Aboriginal Australian|Aboriginal]] tribes in South Australia. The city and [[Adelaide park lands|parklands]] area also known as ''Tarntanya'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/subjects/kaurna-people|title=Kaurna people|website=Adelaidia|date=20 March 2017 |access-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908065802/http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/subjects/kaurna-people|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Tandanya'' (now the short name of [[Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute]]), ''Tarndanya'',<ref>{{cite web | title=Reconciliation | website=Adelaide City Council | url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/areas/map_tarndanyangga.html | access-date=5 July 2021 | archive-date=12 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712144205/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/areas/map_tarndanyangga.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> or ''Tarndanyangga'' (now the dual name for [[Victoria Square, Adelaide|Victoria Square]] in the [[Kaurna language]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4697 |title=Kaurna Name: Tarndanyangga |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312102340/http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4697 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The name means 'male red kangaroo rock', referring to a rock formation on the site that has now been destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do you know what Aboriginal land you're on today? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/do-you-know-what-aboriginal-land-youre-on-today/ytff85vi1 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=NITV |language=en}}</ref>

The surrounding area was an open, grassy plain with patches of trees and shrubs, which had been managed by hundreds of generations. Kaurna country encompassed the plains stretching north and south of Tarntanya, as well as the wooded foothills of the [[Mount Lofty Ranges|Mt Lofty Ranges]]. The River Torrens was known as the Karrawirra Pari (Red Gum forest river). About 300 Kaurna populated the Adelaide area, and were referred to by the settlers as the Cowandilla.<ref name="KaurnaSA">{{cite web|url=https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au:443/subjects/kaurna-people?hh=1&|website=SA History Hub|title=Kaurna People|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428075730/http://sahistoryhub.com.au/subjects/kaurna-people|archive-date=28 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The more than 20 local clans across the plain lived seminomadic lives, with extensive [[Mound|mound settlements]] where huts were built repeatedly over centuries and a complex social structure, including a class of sorcerers separated from regular society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Owen |first1=Timothy |last2=Pate |first2=Donald |date=2014-12-01 |title=A Kaurna burial, Salisbury, South Australia: Further evidence for complex late Holocene Aboriginal social systems in the Adelaide region |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03122417.2014.11682018 |journal=Australian Archaeology |language=en |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.1080/03122417.2014.11682018 |s2cid=148063575 |issn=0312-2417|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Within a few decades of [[European settlement of South Australia]], Kaurna culture was almost completely lost. The last speaker of [[Kaurna language]] died in 1929.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.sa.gov.au/history/adelaide_history/adelaide_brief_history.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515205647/http://www.history.sa.gov.au/history/adelaide_history/adelaide_brief_history.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Adelaide: A Brief History (SA Govt)|archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both,<ref name=Amery>{{cite book |title=Warrabarna Kaurna! – Reclaiming an Australian Language |last=Amery |first=Rob |year=2000 |publisher=Swets & Zeitlinger |location=The Netherlands |isbn=90-265-1633-9}}</ref> which has included a commitment by local and state governments to rename or include Kaurna names for many local places.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adelaideparklands.com.au/parks-and-squares/victoria-square-tarntanyangga|title=Victoria Square/Tarntanyangga|website=City of Adelaide|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427083524/https://adelaideparklands.com.au/parks-and-squares/victoria-square-tarntanyangga|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/|website=Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi|title=Adelaide City Council Placenaming Initiatives|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427083521/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 19th century ===
[[File:Beechey, William - Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen - NPG 1533.jpg|upright|thumb|alt= Painting of person|Queen Adelaide, after whom the city was named]]
[[File:Adelaide supplement to the Illustrated Sydney News.png|thumb|right|alt= Refer to caption|In July 1876, the ''Illustrated Sydney News'' published a special supplement that included an early aerial view of the City of Adelaide: (South) Adelaide (the CBD), River Torrens, and portion of North Adelaide from a point above Strangways Terrace, [[North Adelaide]]]]

Based on the ideas of [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]] about colonial reform, [[Robert Gouger]] petitioned the British government to create a new colony in Australia, resulting in the passage of the [[South Australia Act 1834]]. Physical establishment of the colony began with the arrival of the first British colonisers in February 1836. The first [[Governor of South Australia|governor]] 
proclaimed the commencement of colonial government in South Australia on 28 December 1836, near [[The Old Gum Tree]] in what is now the suburb of [[Glenelg North]]. The event is commemorated in South Australia as [[Proclamation Day (South Australia)|Proclamation Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.holdfast.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=1463 |title=City of Holdfast Bay – Proclamation Day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713121428/http://www.holdfast.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=1463 |archive-date=13 July 2012 }}</ref> The site of the colony's capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel [[William Light]], the first surveyor-general of South Australia, with his own original, unique, topographically sensitive design. The city was named after [[Queen Adelaide]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Rodney|last=Cockburn|title=South Australia: What's in a Name?|publisher=Axiom|edition=3rd|date=1990|page=3|url=http://www.gastonrenard.com.au/Short%20List%2068.pdf|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416185434/http://www.gastonrenard.com.au/Short%20List%2068.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Adelaide was established as a planned colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, based upon the ideas of [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]]. Wakefield had read accounts of Australian settlement while in prison in London for attempting to abduct an heiress,<ref>Wakefield cites:
* Edward Curr, ''An Account of the Colony of Van Diemen's Land, principally designed for the use of emigrants'', George Cowie & Co., London, 1824;
* Henry Widdowson, ''Present State of Van Diemen's Land; comprising an account of its agricultural capabilities, with observations on the present state of farming, &c. &c. pursued in that colony: and other important matters connected with Emigration'', S. Robinson, W. Joy and J. Cross, London, and J. Birdsall, Northampton, 1829; and
* James Atkinson, ''An Account of the State of Agriculture & Grazing in New South Wales; Including Observations on the Soils and General Appearance of the Country, and some of its most useful natural productions; with an account of the Various Methods of Clearing and Improving Lands, Breeding and Grazing Live Stock, Erecting Buildings, the System of employing Convicts, and the expense of Labour generally; the Mode of Applying for Grants of Land; with Other Information Important to those who are about to emigrate to that Country: The result of several years' residence and practical experience in those matters in the Colony''., J. Cross, London, 1826</ref> and realised that the eastern colonies suffered from a lack of available labour, due to the practice of giving land grants to all arrivals.<ref>Wakefield, ''Letter from Sydney'', December 1829, pp. 99–185, written from Newgate prison. Editor Robert Gouger.</ref> Wakefield's idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen.<ref>Wakefield wrote about this under a pseudonym, purporting to be an Australian settler. His subterfuge was so successful that he confused later writers, including [[Karl Marx]], who wrote "It is the great merit of E.G. Wakefield to have discovered not anything new about the Colonies, but to have discovered in the Colonies the truth of as to the condition of capitalist production in the mother-country.' ''Das Kapital'', Moscow, 1958, p 766"</ref> Funds raised from the sale of land were to be used to bring out working-class emigrants, who would have to work hard for the monied settlers to ever afford their own land.<ref>''Plan of a Company to be Established for the Purpose of Founding a Colony in Southern Australia, Purchasing Land Therein, and Preparing the Land so Purchased for the Reception of Immigrants'', 1832; in Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, Prichard, M. F., (ed.) ''The Collected Works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield'', Collins, London, 1968, p 290.</ref> As a result of this policy, Adelaide does not share [[Convictism in Australia|the convict settlement history]] of other Australian cities like [[Sydney]], [[Brisbane]] and [[Hobart]].

[[File:North Terrace, 1841.jpg|thumb|alt= Painting of a town near a river with woodlands and hills in the background|[[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]] in 1841]]

As it was believed that in a colony of free settlers there would be little crime, no provision was made for a [[Prison|gaol]] in Colonel Light's 1837 plan. But by mid-1837 the ''[[South Australian Register]]'' was warning of escaped convicts from New South Wales and tenders for a temporary gaol were sought. Following a burglary, a murder, and two attempted murders in Adelaide during March 1838, Governor Hindmarsh created the South Australian Police Force (now the [[South Australia Police]]) in April 1838 under 21-year-old [[Henry Inman (police commander)|Henry Inman]].<ref>[[John Wrathall Bull|J. W. Bull]]; [[Early Experiences of Colonial Life in South Australia]] (Adelaide, 1878) p.67</ref> The first sheriff, Samuel Smart, was wounded during a robbery, and on 2 May 1838 one of the offenders, Michael Magee, became the first person to be hanged in South Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Free Settlement |url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/free-settlement.html |work=History of Adelaide Gaol |publisher=Environment.sa.gov.au |access-date=7 September 2010 |archive-date=24 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024014707/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/free-settlement.html}}</ref> William Baker Ashton was appointed governor of the temporary gaol in 1839, and in 1840 George Strickland Kingston was commissioned to design Adelaide's new gaol.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaol Founders |url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/History/Gaol_founders |work=History of Adelaide Gaol |publisher=Environment.sa.gov.au |access-date=14 August 2012 |archive-date=25 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025022018/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/goal-founders.html}}</ref> Construction of [[Adelaide Gaol]] commenced in 1841.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/lights-vision.html |title=Light's Vision |work=History of Adelaide Gaol |publisher=Environment.sa.gov.au |access-date=7 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025021816/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/lights-vision.html |archive-date=25 October 2009}}</ref>

Adelaide's early history was marked by economic uncertainty and questionable leadership.{{Dubious|date=October 2015}} The first governor of South Australia, [[John Hindmarsh]], clashed frequently with others, in particular the Resident Commissioner, [[James Hurtle Fisher]]. The rural area surrounding Adelaide was surveyed by Light in preparation to sell a total of over {{convert|405|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of land. Adelaide's early economy started to get on its feet in 1838 with the arrival of livestock from [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[New South Wales]] and [[Tasmania]]. Wool production provided an early basis for the South Australian economy. By 1860, wheat farms had been established from [[Encounter Bay]] in the south to [[Clare, South Australia|Clare]] in the north.

[[File:Karte Adelaide MKL1888.png|thumb|left|upright|alt= Refer to caption|1888 map of Adelaide, showing the gradual development of its urban layout]]
[[George Gawler]] took over from Hindmarsh in late 1838 and, despite being under orders from the ''Select Committee on South Australia'' in Britain not to undertake any public works, promptly oversaw construction of a governor's house, the [[Adelaide Gaol]], police barracks, a hospital, a customs house and a wharf at [[Port Adelaide]]. Gawler was recalled and replaced by [[George Edward Grey]] in 1841. Grey slashed public expenditure against heavy opposition, although its impact was negligible at this point: silver was discovered in [[Glen Osmond]] that year, agriculture was well underway, and other mines sprung up all over the state, aiding Adelaide's commercial development. The city exported meat, wool, wine, fruit and wheat by the time Grey left in 1845, contrasting with a low point in 1842 when one-third of Adelaide houses were abandoned.

Trade links with the rest of the Australian states were established after the [[Murray River]] was successfully navigated in 1853 by [[Francis Cadell (explorer)|Francis Cadell]], an Adelaide resident. South Australia became a [[self-governing colony]] in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament. [[Secret ballot]]s were introduced, and a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province.<ref>{{cite web |author=Blair, Robert D. |year=2001 |title=Events in South Australian History 1834–1857 |work=Pioneer Association of South Australia |url=http://www.users.on.net/~rdblair/events-sa.htm |access-date=10 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607150032/http://www.users.on.net/~rdblair/events-sa.htm |archive-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1860, the [[Thorndon Park Reserve|Thorndon Park reservoir]] was opened, providing an alternative water source to the now turbid River Torrens. [[Gas lighting|Gas street lighting]] was implemented in 1867, the [[University of Adelaide]] was founded in 1874, the [[South Australian Art Gallery]] opened in 1881 and the [[Happy Valley Reservoir]] opened in 1896. In the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe economic depression, ending a hectic era of land booms and tumultuous expansionism. Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed. The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle.<ref name="Guide">{{Cite web|url=https://clickacity.com/history-of-adelaide/|title=History of Adelaide, Australia. A short overview of the city history|last=Guide|first=Airport|date=6 January 2019|website=clickAcity|access-date=14 June 2019|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810001633/https://clickacity.com/history-of-adelaide/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems, with some families leaving for Western Australia.<ref name="Guide"/> Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at [[Broken Hill]] provided some relief. Only one year of deficit was recorded, but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. Wine and copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.australian-travel-directory.com/page21.html|title=Adelaide & Suburbs|website=australian-travel-directory.com|access-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928013231/http://australian-travel-directory.com/page21.html|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
[[File:North Terrace in 1938.jpg|thumb|alt= Electric trams and motor cars at a crossroads in a densely built up area|The intersection of North Terrace and [[King William Street, Adelaide|King William Street]] viewed from [[Parliament House, Adelaide|Parliament House]], 1938]]
[[File:Aerial view of Adelaide, 1935 (adjusted).jpg|thumb|alt= Refer to caption|An aerial view of Adelaide in 1935, when it was Australia's third largest city. Of note is that only the eastern half of the new Parliament House (to left of station) had been completed.]]

Adelaide was Australia's third largest city for most of the 20th century.<ref name="Marsden">{{cite web|title=A history of Australian capital city centres since 1945|first=Susan|last=Marsden|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/116290/1/apo-nid90876-207481.pdf|date=October 1997|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404162603/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/116290/1/apo-nid90876-207481.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Adelaide 1876–2012|work=[[University of Adelaide]] Press|date=2012|pages=245|isbn=978-1-922064-36-3|last1=Harvey|first1=Nick|last2=Fornasiero|first2=Jean|last3=McCarthy|first3=Greg|last4=MacIntyre|first4=Clem|last5=Crossin|first5=Carl|publisher=University of Adelaide Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Patrick |last=Troy |title=A History of European Housing in Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-77733-9 |page=188}}</ref> [[Street light|Electric street lighting]] was introduced in 1900 and electric trams were transporting passengers in 1909. 28,000 men were sent to fight in World War I. Historian F. K. Crowley examined the reports of visitors in the early 20th century, noting that "many visitors to Adelaide admired the [[Light's Vision|foresighted planning]] of its founders", as well as pondering the riches of the young city.<ref>F.K. Crowle y(1973). ''Modern Australia in Documents: 1901–1939''. Wren. {{isbn|085885032X|9780858850323}}</ref>

Adelaide enjoyed a postwar boom, entering a time of relative prosperity. Its population grew, and it became the third most populous metropolitan area in the country, after Sydney and Melbourne. Its prosperity was short-lived, with the return of droughts and the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s. It later returned to fortune under strong government leadership. [[Secondary sector of industry|Secondary industries]] helped reduce the state's dependence on [[primary sector of industry|primary industries]]. World War II brought industrial stimulus and [[economic diversity|diversification]] to Adelaide under the [[Thomas Playford IV|Playford]] Government, which advocated Adelaide as a safe place for manufacturing due to its less vulnerable location.<ref>Cockburn, S (1991): ''Playford – Benevolent Despot.'' Axiom Publishing. P. 85. {{ISBN|0 9594164 4 7}}</ref> Shipbuilding was expanded at the nearby port of [[Whyalla, South Australia|Whyalla]].

The South Australian Government in this period built on former wartime manufacturing industries but neglected cultural facilities which meant South Australia's economy lagged behind.<ref name="Marsden" /> International manufacturers like [[Holden]] and [[Fiat Chrysler Australia|Chrysler]]<ref>When Chrysler stopped manufacturing in Adelaide, [[Mitsubishi Motors Australia]] took over the [[Tonsley Park]] factory. After many years of mixed fortunes, Mitsubishi ceased manufacturing at Tonsley Park on 27 March 2008.</ref> made use of these factories around the Adelaide area in suburbs like [[Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth]], completing its transformation from an [[agricultural economy|agricultural service centre]] to a 20th-century motor city. The [[Mannum–Adelaide pipeline]] brought [[River Murray]] water to Adelaide in 1955 and [[Adelaide Airport|an airport]] opened at [[West Beach, South Australia|West Beach]] in 1955. [[Flinders University]] and the [[Flinders Medical Centre]] were established in the 1960s at Bedford Park, south of the city. Today, Flinders Medical Centre is one of the largest teaching hospitals in South Australia. In the post-war years around the early 1960s, Adelaide was surpassed by [[Brisbane]] as Australia's third largest city.<ref name="Marsden" />

The [[Don Dunstan|Dunstan Governments]] of the 1970s saw something of an Adelaide "cultural revival",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southaustraliaremovalists.com.au/south-australia/adelaide.html|title=Adelaide Removalists South Australia|website=southaustraliaremovalists.com.au|access-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304114350/http://southaustraliaremovalists.com.au/south-australia/adelaide.html|archive-date=4 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> establishing a wide array of social reforms. The city became noted for its [[progressivism]] as South Australia became the first Australian state or territory to [[LGBT rights in South Australia|decriminalise homosexuality]] between [[sexual consent|consenting]] adults in 1975.<ref name=carbery>{{cite book |last=Carbery |first=Graham |title=Towards Homosexual Equality in Australian Criminal Law: A Brief History |year=2010 |edition=2nd |url=http://www.alga.org.au/files/towardsequality2ed.pdf |publisher=Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives Inc. |access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305143829/https://www.alga.org.au/files/towardsequality2ed.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adelaide became a centre for the arts, building upon the biennial "[[Adelaide Festival of Arts]]" that commenced in 1960. The [[State Bank of South Australia|State Bank]] collapsed in 1991 during an economic recession. The effects lasted until 2004, when [[Standard & Poor's]] reinstated South Australia's AAA credit rating.<ref>{{Cite news |title=All-round country |work=The Australian |page=14 |date=29 September 2004}}</ref> Adelaide's tallest building, completed in 2020, is called the Adelaidean and is located at 11 Frome Street.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frome Central Tower|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350710/frome-central-tower-one-adelaide-australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607154918/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350710/frome-central-tower-one-adelaide-australia|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 June 2020|work=[[Emporis]]|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
[[File:Adelaide 2022 Skyline.jpg|alt=Adelaide City Skyline during 2022 Australia Day Celebrations Forefront: Torrens River, Elder Bank and Riverbank Precinct.  From Right to Left: Stanford Hotel, Convention Centre, Myer Centre, The Switch, Realm Adelaide, Frome Central Tower One, GSA North Terrace, Schulz Building (Adelaide University). |thumb|250px|left|Adelaide's eastern skyline during 2022 [[Australia Day]] celebrations]]

In the early years of the 21st century, a significant increase in the state government's spending on Adelaide's infrastructure occurred. The [[Mike Rann|Rann government]] invested A$535&nbsp;million in a major upgrade of the Adelaide Oval to enable [[Australian Football League]] to be played in the city centre<ref>Michael Owen, The Australian, 3 December 2009</ref> and more than A$2 [[billion]] to build a new [[Royal Adelaide Hospital]] on land adjacent to the Adelaide Railway Station.<ref>ABC News, Wednesday 7 June 2006</ref> The Glenelg tramline was extended through the city to Hindmarsh<ref>ABC News, 6 April 2005</ref> down to East Terrace<ref>{{cite web |title=City Tram Extension |url=https://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/infrastructure/public_transport_projects/city_tram_extension |website=dpti.sa.gov.au |publisher=Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure |access-date=20 November 2019 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106063842/https://dpti.sa.gov.au/infrastructure/public_transport_projects/city_tram_extension |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the suburban railway line extended south to Seaford.<ref>ABC News, 13 May 2009</ref>

Following a period of stagnation in the 1990s and 2000s, Adelaide began several major developments and redevelopments. The Adelaide Convention Centre was redeveloped and expanded at a cost of A$350&nbsp;million beginning in 2012.<ref>ABC News, 29 June 2011</ref> Three historic buildings were adapted for modern use: the [[Torrens Building]] in Victoria Square as the Adelaide campus for Carnegie Mellon University, University College London, and Torrens University;<ref>News Release Government of SA, 15 May 2005</ref> the Stock Exchange building as the Science Exchange of the Royal Institution Australia; and the Glenside Psychiatric Hospital as the Adelaide Studios of the [[South Australian Film Corporation|SA Film Corporation]]. The government invested more than A$2&nbsp;billion to build [[Adelaide Desalination Plant|a desalination plant]], powered by renewable energy, as an "insurance policy" against droughts affecting Adelaide's [[water supply]].<ref>Nick Harmsen, ABC News, 11 September 2007</ref> The [[Adelaide Festival]], [[Adelaide Fringe Festival|Fringe]], and [[Womadelaide]] became annual events.<ref>Adelaide Advertiser 26 February 2010</ref>