Editing Agent-based model (section)

==History==
The idea of agent-based modeling was developed as a relatively simple concept in the late 1940s. Since it requires computation-intensive procedures, it did not become widespread until the 1990s.

===Early developments===
The history of the agent-based model can be traced back to the [[Von Neumann universal constructor|Von Neumann machine]], a theoretical machine capable of reproduction. The device [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]] proposed would follow precisely detailed instructions to fashion a copy of itself. The concept was then built upon by von Neumann's friend [[Stanislaw Ulam]], also a mathematician; Ulam suggested that the machine be built on paper, as a collection of cells on a grid. The idea intrigued von Neumann, who drew it up—creating the first of the devices later termed [[cellular automata]].
Another advance was introduced by the mathematician [[John Horton Conway|John Conway]].  He constructed the well-known [[Conway's Game of Life|Game of Life]]. Unlike von Neumann's machine, Conway's Game of Life operated by simple rules in a virtual world in the form of a 2-dimensional [[checkerboard]].

The [[Simula]] programming language, developed in the mid 1960s and widely implemented by the early 1970s, was the first framework for automating step-by-step agent simulations.

===1970s and 1980s: the first models===

One of the earliest agent-based models in concept was [[Thomas Schelling]]'s segregation model,<ref name="Thomas">{{cite journal |last=Schelling |first=Thomas C. |title=Dynamic Models of Segregation |year=1971 |journal=Journal of Mathematical Sociology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=143–186 |url=http://zolaist.org/wiki/images/c/cf/Models_of_Segregation.pdf |doi=10.1080/0022250x.1971.9989794 |access-date=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201210328/http://zolaist.org/wiki/images/c/cf/Models_of_Segregation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> which was discussed in his paper "Dynamic Models of Segregation" in 1971.  Though Schelling originally used coins and graph paper rather than computers, his models embodied the basic concept of agent-based models as autonomous agents interacting in a shared environment with an observed aggregate, emergent outcome.

In the late 1970s, [[Paulien Hogeweg]] and Bruce Hesper began experimenting with individual models of [[ecology]]. One of their first results was to show that the social structure of bumble-bee colonies emerged as a result of simple rules that govern the behaviour of individual bees.<ref name="hogeweg">{{cite journal |last=Hogeweg |first=Paulien |title=The ontogeny of the interaction structure in bumble bee colonies: a MIRROR model |year=1983 |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=271–283 |doi=10.1007/BF00302895  |bibcode=1983BEcoS..12..271H |s2cid=22530183 }}</ref> 
They introduced the ToDo principle, referring to the way agents "do what there is to do" at any given time.

In the early 1980s, [[Robert Axelrod (political scientist)|Robert Axelrod]] hosted a tournament of [[Prisoner's Dilemma]] strategies and had them interact in an agent-based manner to determine a winner.  Axelrod would go on to develop many other agent-based models in the field of political science that examine phenomena from [[ethnocentrism]] to the dissemination of culture.<ref name="Axelrod_1997">{{Cite book |last=Axelrod |given=Robert |author-link=Robert Axelrod (political scientist) |year=1997 |title=The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration |publisher=Princeton: Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01567-5 }}</ref>
By the late 1980s, [[Craig Reynolds (computer graphics)|Craig Reynolds]]' work on [[flocking behavior|flocking]] models contributed to the development of some of the first biological agent-based models that contained social characteristics. He tried to model the reality of lively biological agents, known as [[artificial life]], a term coined by [[Christopher Langton]].

The first use of the word "agent" and a definition as it is currently used today is hard to track down.  One candidate appears to be [[John Henry Holland|John Holland]] and John H. Miller's 1991 paper "Artificial Adaptive Agents in Economic Theory",<ref name="Holland">{{cite journal |last1=Holland |first1=J.H. |last2=Miller |first2=J.H. |title=Artificial Adaptive Agents in Economic Theory |year=1991 |journal=American Economic Review |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=365–71 |url=http://zia.hss.cmu.edu/miller/papers/aaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027152415/http://zia.hss.cmu.edu/miller/papers/aaa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-10-27 }}</ref> based on an earlier conference presentation of theirs. A stronger and earlier candidate is [[Allen Newell|Allan Newell]], who in the first Presidential Address of AAAI (published as [[Knowledge level|The Knowledge Level]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newell |first=Allen |date=January 1982 |title=The knowledge level |url=|journal=Artificial Intelligence |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=87–127 |doi=10.1016/0004-3702(82)90012-1 |s2cid=40702643 |issn=0004-3702}}</ref>) discussed intelligent agents as a concept.

At the same time, during the 1980s, social scientists, mathematicians, operations researchers, and a scattering of people from other disciplines developed Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory (CMOT).  This field grew as a special interest group of The Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS) and its sister society, the Operations Research Society of America (ORSA).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Kohler |first1=Timothy |title=Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent-based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes |last2=Gumerman |first2=George |publisher=Santa Fe Institute and Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-513167-3 |location=New York, New York}}</ref>

===1990s: expansion===
The 1990s were especially notable for the expansion of ABM within the social sciences, one notable effort was the large-scale ABM, [[Sugarscape]], developed by
[[Joshua M. Epstein]] and [[Robert Axtell]] to simulate and explore the role of social phenomena such as seasonal migrations, pollution, sexual reproduction, combat, and transmission of disease and even culture.<ref name="GAS">{{cite book |first1=Joshua M. |last1=Epstein |author-link1=Joshua M. Epstein |first2=Robert |last2=Axtell |author-link2=Robert Axtell |title=Growing artificial societies: social science from the bottom up |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |date=October 11, 1996 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst/page/224 224] |isbn=978-0-262-55025-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst/page/224 }}</ref> Other notable 1990s developments included [[Carnegie Mellon University]]'s [[Kathleen Carley]] ABM,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/projects/construct/index.php |title=Construct |publisher=Computational Analysis of Social Organizational Systems |access-date=February 19, 2008 |archive-date=October 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011221558/http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/projects/construct/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref> to explore the co-evolution of social networks and culture. The [[Santa Fe Institute]] (SFI) was important in encouraging the development of the ABM modeling platform Swarm under the leadership of [[Christopher Langton]].  Research conducted through SFI allowed the expansion of ABM techniques to a number of fields including study of the social and spatial dynamics of small-scale human societies and primates.<ref name=":0" /> During this 1990s timeframe [[Nigel Gilbert]] published the first textbook on Social Simulation: Simulation for the social scientist (1999) and established a journal from the perspective of social sciences: the ''[[Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation]]'' (JASSS). Other than JASSS, agent-based models of any discipline are within scope of SpringerOpen journal ''[[Complex Adaptive Systems Modeling]]'' (CASM).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.casmodeling.com/ |title=Springer Complex Adaptive Systems Modeling Journal (CASM) |access-date=July 1, 2012 |archive-date=June 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618154650/http://www.casmodeling.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Through the mid-1990s, the social sciences thread of ABM began to focus on such issues as designing effective teams, understanding the communication required for organizational effectiveness, and the behavior of social networks.  CMOT—later renamed Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS)—incorporated more and more agent-based modeling.  Samuelson (2000) is a good brief overview of the early history,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2000/orms-12-00/Designing-Organizations |last=Samuelson |first=Douglas A. |title=Designing Organizations |journal=OR/MS Today |date=December 2000 |access-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617145006/https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2000/orms-12-00/Designing-Organizations |url-status=live }}</ref> and Samuelson (2005) and Samuelson and Macal (2006) trace the more recent developments.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2005/orms-2-05/Agents-of-Change |last=Samuelson |first=Douglas A. |title=Agents of Change |journal=OR/MS Today |date=February 2005 |access-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617145007/https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2005/orms-2-05/Agents-of-Change |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2006/orms-8-06/Agent-Based-Simulation-Comes-of-Age |last1=Samuelson |first1=Douglas A. |last2=Macal |first2=Charles M. |title=Agent-Based Modeling Comes of Age |journal=OR/MS Today |date=August 2006 |access-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617145008/https://www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Archived-Issues/2006/orms-8-06/Agent-Based-Simulation-Comes-of-Age |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the late 1990s, the merger of TIMS and ORSA to form [[INFORMS]], and the move by INFORMS from two meetings each year to one, helped to spur the CMOT group to form a separate society, the North American Association for Computational Social and Organizational Sciences (NAACSOS).  Kathleen Carley was a major contributor, especially to models of social networks, obtaining [[National Science Foundation]] funding for the annual conference and serving as the first President of NAACSOS.  She was succeeded by David Sallach of the [[University of Chicago]] and [[Argonne National Laboratory]], and then by Michael Prietula of [[Emory University]]. At about the same time NAACSOS began, the European Social Simulation Association (ESSA) and the Pacific Asian Association for Agent-Based Approach in Social Systems Science (PAAA), counterparts of NAACSOS, were organized.  As of 2013, these three organizations collaborate internationally.  The First World Congress on Social Simulation was held under their joint sponsorship in Kyoto, Japan, in August 2006.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} The Second World Congress was held in the northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C., in July 2008, with [[George Mason University]] taking the lead role in local arrangements.

===2000s===

More recently, [[Ron Sun]] developed methods for basing agent-based simulation on models of human cognition, known as [[cognitive social simulation]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Sun |editor1-first=Ron |editor1-link=Ron Sun |title=Cognition and Multi-Agent Interaction: From Cognitive Modeling to Social Simulation |date=March 2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-83964-8 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/0521839645}}</ref> Bill McKelvey, Suzanne Lohmann, Dario Nardi, Dwight Read and others at [[UCLA]] have also made significant contributions in organizational behavior and decision-making. Since 1991, UCLA has arranged a conference at Lake Arrowhead, California, that has become another major gathering point for practitioners in this field.<ref name="Regents of the University of California">{{cite web |title=UCLA Lake Arrowhead Symposium: History |url=https://www.uclaarrowheadsymposium.org/history/ |website=uclaarrowheadsymposium.org |publisher=UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies |access-date=11 February 2024 |ref=arrowhead}}</ref>

=== 2020 and later ===
After the advent of [[large language model]]s, researchers began applying interacting language models to agent based modeling. In one widely cited paper, agentic language models interacted in a sandbox environment to perform activities like planning birthday parties and holding elections.<ref>{{Cite arXiv |last1=Park |first1=Joon Sung |last2=O'Brien |first2=Joseph |last3=Cai |first3=Carrie |last4=Morris |first4=Meredith |last5=Liang |first5=Percey |last6=Bernstein |first6=Michael |title=Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior |date=2023 |class=cs.HC |eprint=2304.03442 }}</ref>