Editing Akaroa (section)

==History==
In 1830, the Māori settlement at [[Takapūneke]], east of the current town of Akaroa, was the scene of a notorious incident. There were an estimated 400 Kāi Tahu in the pā and most were killed, with only the strongest taken as slaves.{{sfn|Ogilvie|2010|p=13}} The captain of the British brig ''Elizabeth'', John Stewart, helped North Island [[Ngāti Toa]] chief, [[Te Rauparaha]], to capture the local Kāi Tahu chief, [[Tama-i-hara-nui]], his wife Te Whe and his young daughter, Roimata. The settlement of Takapūneke was sacked. Several hundred were killed and dozens enslaved. Stewart could not be convicted of murder owing to the lack of a suitable legal system in New Zealand at the time. This incident was one of several lawless acts committed by Stewart around this time.<ref name=Ministry>{{cite web |title=Captain Stewart and the Elizabeth |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/maori-european-contact-pre-1840/captain-stewart-and-the-elizabeth |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=7 March 2020 |date=20 December 2012}}</ref> The actions of John Stewart were examples of other incidents of lawlessness among Europeans in New Zealand, which contributed to the appointment of an official British Resident [[James Busby]] to New Zealand in 1832.<ref name=Ministry/>

The sparse population was further reduced in 1832, when [[Te Rauparaha]], fresh from his successful three-month siege of [[Kaiapoi Pā]], took the [[pā]] on [[Ōnawe Peninsula]] at the head of Akaroa Harbour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Te Maire |date=March 2017 |title='Ngāi Tahu – Wars with Ngāti Toa', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/3371/onawe-pa-akaroa-harbour |access-date=15 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The earliest European settlers used Akaroa as a whaling base. Akaroa is now one of the few whaling bases in New Zealand that still exists as a town.{{sfn|Ogilvie|2010|p=20}}

===French settlement===
[[File:Charles François Lavaud (1798-1878).jpg|thumb|Charles François Lavaud (1798–1878)]]
[[File:AkaroaFRNames.JPG|thumb|An Akaroa street sign showing French-language street names]]
In the 1830s, France developed extensive plans for colonial expansion, including into the Pacific where at that time it had no colonies. This included the South Island of New Zealand. The tiny settlement established at Akaroa can be viewed in the context of that failed, wider project.{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|p=15}} In 1838, a whaler, Captain [[Jean François Langlois]], wrote up a questionable deed of purchase for "the greater Banks Peninsula" to which twelve [[Ngāi Tahu|Kāi Tahu]] chiefs each added their [[tā moko|moko]] or cross.{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|p=16-17}} The price was 1,000 francs (£40), with a deposit of 150 francs (£6) paid in goods{{efn|name=fn1|According to the Deed of Purchase, the goods equivalent to the 150 francs deposit were one woollen overcoat, six pairs of cloth trousers, 12 oilskin hats, two pairs of shoes, a pistol, two pairs of red woollen shirts and one oilskin coat.{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|p=26}}}} and the remainder to be paid upon Langlois' return from France with settlers.<ref>{{cite web|title=French colonists in Akaroa, South Island |url= http://history-nz.org/colonisation4.html |website=New Zealand in History|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=MB>{{cite web |last1=Andersen |first1=Johannes C. |title=The Mission of the ''Britomart'' at Akaroa, in August, 1840 |url= http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/Publications/Akaroa/MissionoftheBritomart/MissionoftheBritomart.pdf |publisher=The New Zealand Institute |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|p=26}} When the settlers later did arrive, the British authorities – who had in the meantime taken possession of the whole of New Zealand – decided a valid sale had not taken place in 1838, relying for their decision on English law and Māori oral evidence.{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|p=268}}

While back in France, Langlois had raised capital from wealthy businessmen to fund the planned whaling and colonising venture. The [[Nanto-Bordelaise Company]] was set up, with the major shareholder being [[Adolphe Balguerie]]. Langlois ceded his supposed Banks Peninsula title to the company, took a minor shareholding and was entrusted with the whaling side of the venture.{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|pp=55-57}}

The company is comparable to the British "New Zealand Association" (later a company) but unlike the British, who arranged for all land sold by the indigenous Māori to go through its government representative, the French government planned to have Māori land sales arranged through the company. The model treaties for land acquisition sent out from France can be compared with the Treaty of Waitangi, used by the British as their way of acquiring Māori land. {{sfn|Tremewan|2010|p=16}} The French government became involved and in order to send out the settlers it supplied the warship, ''Mahé'', fitted out as a whaler and renamed [[Comte de Paris (ship)|''Comte de Paris'']].{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|p=268}} On 9 March 1840, 63 emigrants left [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]]. They were accompanied by the ''Aube'', a 28-gun corvette under Commodore {{ill|Charles-François Lavaud|fr}}, whose role was also to oversea French whaling interests around New Zealand.

The ships arrived in the [[Bay of Islands]] in the North Island on 11 July 1840, where they learned that during their voyage [[William Hobson]] had proclaimed British sovereignty over all New Zealand on 21 May, and that the main South Island Māori chiefs had signed the [[Treaty of Waitangi]]. Hobson, who was now [[lieutenant-governor]], wanted there to be no doubt that British sovereignty extended over all New Zealand and so to counter any potential threat to that situation, he dispatched the [[brig-sloop]], [[HMS Britomart (1820)|HMS Britomart]], to call first at [[Wellington|Port Nicholson]] where the [[New Zealand Company]] settlers had recently arrived and established their own fledgling government, and thence to Akaroa. Once there, Britomart and fluttering [[Union Jack|Union Jacks]] would provide a less than subtle welcome for the soon to arrive French settlers and squash any sovereignty pretentions Lavaud might have had.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moon |first1=Paul |title=The Newest Country in the World - A History of New Zealand in the Decade of the Treaty |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780143006701 |pages=47–49 |chapter=}}</ref> Back in the Bay of Islands, while discussions on land rights took place, the French colonisation continued. On 18 August 1840, the settlement at Akaroa began, with 57 settlers including 12 Germans. (Some had died en route.){{sfn|Tremewan|2010|p=158}}<ref name="King 2003 170–1">{{Cite book|last=King|first=Michael|title=The Penguin History of New Zealand|publisher=Penguin|year=2003|location=New Zealand|pages=170–1}}</ref>{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|pp=13-19}} The settlers' land was around German Bay ([[Takamatua]]),{{efn|name=fn2|It was renamed during the First World War as a mark of anti-German sentiment{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|}}}} French Town (Akaroa) and the hill behind.{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|pp=259-275}} For the first six years, the settlers were outnumbered by a large contingent of French sailors and naval officers. They were all part of a sizeable infrastructure that included Catholic missionaries, churches, and priests taking classes. In addition, there was a French mayor, French doctors in a French hospital and a French store. There were also French by-laws and a French court of justice.{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|pp=18-19}} [[Jean-Baptiste Pompallier|Bishop Pompallier]] established his first European station in Akaroa in 1840 as the French immigrants were all nominally Catholic. However, he closed the station in disgust, due to the religious apathy of the French immigrants.<ref name="King 2003 170–1"/> The area still shows a French influence, prominent in many local place names.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~ourstuff/SettlementatAkaroa.htm |title= SettlementatAkaroa }}</ref> It is the oldest town in Canterbury and one of the most historic places in New Zealand.{{sfn|Ogilvie|2010|p=20}}

Meanwhile, the British dismissed the Nanto-Bordelaise Company's claim as it was not based on British law, but only after extensive and complex negotiations had taken place with Māori and the French, represented by Commadore Lavaud and the company's urbane agent, [[Pierre-Joseph de Belligny]]. Land ownership discussions dragged on until 1849, and by then both governments back in Europe had become involved. Given that the French colonists had set out for New Zealand on the assumption that they owned the land, [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]], of the Colonial Office, instructed the New Zealand authorities in 1845 to grant 30,000 acres to the Nanto-Bordelaise Company. This grant never actually happened at that time and the 30,000 acres were never clearly defined, but all concerned acted as if the company now owned that land. The company by then was in a dire financial position{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|p=279}} and was keen to raise funds by selling that land, which it did before becoming insolvent in 1849. Some land was sold to individual settlers but most was bought by the [[New Zealand Company]], which had still not decided on a place in the area to establish its own settlement. To the indignation of Langlois, the Nanto-Bordelaise Company had sold all its remaining land on the peninsula for £4,500.<ref name=MB/>{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|pp=279-293}} So by 1849, the French settlers were on their own in a British colony.{{sfn|Tremewan|2010|p=279}}

Before 1840, the area of the current Akaroa town was also known as Wangaloa. The French at first called their settlement ''Port Louis-Philippe'' in honour  of [[Louis Philippe I]], who reigned as [[King of the French]] from 1830 to 1848.<ref>{{cite book
 |last= Reed
 |first= A. W.
 |title= Place Names of New Zealand
 |year= 2010
 |publisher=Raupo
 |location= Rosedale, North Shore
 |isbn= 9780143204107
 |page = 19
 |editor= Peter Dowling
}}
</ref>

===British settlement===
After being informed of the French intention to colonise Akaroa and to further its use as a whaling port, the Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, Captain [[William Hobson]], sent the ship {{HMS|Britomart|1820|6}} to proclaim [[sovereignty]] over the area for the British Crown. HMS ''Britomart'' arrived in Akaroa on 16 August 1840, although the captain's log shows the arrival date as 11 August. Captain Stanley raised the British flag, and held a court at each of the occupied settlements, to convince the French that the area was indeed under British control.<ref name=MB/> A monument at the eastern edge of the town commemorates the British arrival.

James Robinson Clough, also known as Jimmy Robinson, had arrived at Akaroa several years before. He acted as interpreter for Captain Owen Stanley at the flag-raising of 1840, and was the first European to travel up the [[Avon River / Ōtākaro]] in 1843. Clough's descendants are still prominent on the Peninsula today.

British immigrants settled in both Akaroa and German Bay ([[Takamatua]]), along with many German farmers, who set up dairy, sheep and cocksfoot (''[[Dactylis glomerata]]'') farms. The great majority of the artefacts currently held at Akaroa Museum are of the early farming community and their way of life at the time.

Arriving from England in April 1850, the ''Monarch'', needing repairs'','' sailed into Akaroa Harbour. It was bound for Auckland however forty of the passengers decided to stay in Akaroa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=John Wilson |first=Louise Beaumont |date=June 2009 |title=Akaroa Historical Overview |url=https://ccc.govt.nz/assets/Documents/The-Council/Plans-Strategies-Policies-Bylaws/Plans/district-plan/banks-peninsula/AkaroaHistoricalOverview-part-1.pdf |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=[[Christchurch City Council]] }}</ref> The British immigrants settled at the southern end of Akaroa with the French living at the northern end with a small bay separating the two.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Gwenda |title=Akaroa |publisher=John McIndoe |year=1977 |isbn=0-908565-41-0 |location=Dunedin, New Zealand |pages=14}}</ref>

Akaroa was described in 1854 as “altogether very like a small seaside village in England”. In 1878, there were only ten French born residents in the town of Akaroa out of a population of 642 people. A further 27 French born people lived outside the town boundaries.<ref name=":0" />

Businesses grew in Akaroa and by 1883 there were five builders, four confectioners, eight general stores, five milk-sellers, four shoemakers, two bankers, five milliners and five blacksmiths.<ref name=":0" />

Daly's wharf was built between 1863 and 1865 and refurbished in 1914.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DALY'S WHARF |url=http://www.akaroacivictrust.co.nz/fastpage/fpengine.php/templateid/56/menuid/1/tempidx/2/catid/1/editstatus/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=www.akaroacivictrust.co.nz}}</ref> Located at the end of Rue Balguerie, it has been used by coastal ships and fishing boats. At the end of the wharf, an octagonal building with a turret roof was built by 1932.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2015 |title=DALY'S WHARF, SHELTER AND SETTING 1A RUE BALGUERIE, AKAROA |url=https://districtplan.ccc.govt.nz/Images/DistrictPlanImages/Statement%20of%20Significance/Banks%20Peninsula/HID%201210.pdf |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=[[Christchurch City Council]] }}</ref>

Akaroa was described as  a “long favourite holiday haven not only for New Zealanders but visitors from Australia and the Old World” in 1903. At this time, most of Akaroa was concentrated around the waterfront with only a few houses built on the hillsides. The population living in Akaroa was 559 people with a total of 124 houses in 1901.<ref name=":0" />

The main wharf at Akaroa was built in 1887.<ref name="Akaroa Wharf">{{Cite web |title=Akaroa Wharf |url=https://ccc.govt.nz/the-council/future-projects/major-facilities/akaroa-wharf/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=[[Christchurch City Council]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Plans were made in 2022 to rebuild the main wharf in the same position that it currently is, as it was nearing the end of its useable life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=$19.1 million Akaroa Wharf plan progresses |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/star-news/star-christchurch/191-million-akaroa-wharf-plan-progresses |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The rebuild is expected to cost $19.1 million and be completed by 30 June 2025.<ref name="Akaroa Wharf"/>