Editing Andrew Appel (section)

== Biography ==
Andrew Appel is the son of mathematician [[Kenneth Appel]], who proved the [[Four-Color Theorem]] in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=In Memoriam: Kenneth Appel|url=https://math.illinois.edu/resources/department-history/faculty-memoriam/kenneth-appel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723170117/https://math.illinois.edu/resources/department-history/faculty-memoriam/kenneth-appel |archive-date=2020-07-23 |access-date=2020-09-07|website=math.illinois.edu}}</ref> Appel graduated summa cum laude with an A.B. in [[physics]] from [[Princeton University]] in 1981 after completing a senior thesis, titled "Investigation of galaxy clustering using an asymptotically fast N-body algorithm", under the supervision of Nobel laureate [[Jim Peebles|James Peebles]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/4122345|title=Investigation of galaxy clustering using an asymptotically fast N-body algorithm|year=1981}}</ref> He later received a Ph.D. (computer science) at [[Carnegie Mellon University]], in 1985.<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Appel |first=Andrew |date=1985 |title=Compile-time Evaluation and Code Generation for Semantics-directed Compilers |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University |url=http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/1985/abstracts/85-147.html}}</ref> He became an [[Association for Computing Machinery#Fellows|ACM Fellow]] in 1998, due to his research of programming languages and [[compiler]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/appel_2115301|title=Andrew W. Appel|website=awards.acm.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>

In 1981, Appel developed a better approach to the [[n-body problem|{{mvar|n}}-body problem]] in [[Time complexity#Linearithmic time|linearithmic]] instead of quadratic time.<ref>[http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~appel/papers/nbody.pdf An Investigation of Galaxy Clustering Using an Asymptotically Fast N-Body Algorithm]. Andrew W. Appel, Senior Thesis, Princeton University, 1981.</ref>

From July 2005 to July 2006, he was a visiting researcher at the ''[[Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique]]'' (INRIA), [[Rocquencourt, Yvelines|Rocquencourt]], [[France]], on sabbatical from Princeton University.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Andrew Appel campaigns on issues related to the interaction of law and computer technology. He testified in the penalty phase of the [[United States v. Microsoft|Microsoft antitrust]] case in 2002.<ref>{{Citation
  | last = 
  | first =
  | author-link =
  | last2 =
  | first2 =
  | title =  TECHNOLOGY; Threat Is Seen to Microsoft Windows
  | newspaper = The New York Times
  | pages = 
  | date = May 2, 2007
  | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4081FF63E550C718CDDAC0894DA404482}}</ref> He is opposed to the introduction of some computerized [[voting machine]]s, which he deemed untrustworthy.<ref name="Urne">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~appel/papers/urne.pdf |title=Ceci n'est pas une urne |last=Andrew |first=Appel |date=2006-06-14 |access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> In 2007, he received attention when he purchased a number of voting machines for the purpose of investigating their security.<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Jones
  | first = Richard G.
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  | title = Suit Seeks To Ensure Ballot Safety In New Jersey
  | newspaper = The New York Times
  | pages =
  | date = February 13, 2007
  | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00713F9345B0C708DDDAB0894DF404482}}</ref> In 2024, he testified as an expert on voting machines in federal court hearings that led to a preliminary injunction disallowing New Jersey's “county line” system that was alleged to provide an unfair advantage to candidates backed by county political party organizations.<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Fox
  | first = Joey
  | author-link =
  | title =  Andy Kim Takes the Stand Against County Lines at Federal Hearing
  | newspaper = New Jersey Globe
  | pages = 
  | date = March 18, 2024
  | url = https://newjerseyglobe.com/judiciary/andy-kim-takes-the-stand-against-county-lines-at-federal-hearing}}</ref>