Editing Annotation (section)

== Literature, grammar and educational purposes ==

=== Practising visually ===
Annotation Practices are highlighting a phrase or sentence and including a comment, circling a word that needs defining, posing a question when something is not fully understood and writing a short summary of a key section.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Crosthwaite |first1=Peter |last2=Sanhueza |first2=Alicia Gazmuri |last3=Schweinberger |first3=Martin |date=September 2021 |title=Training disciplinary genre awareness through blended learning: An exploration into EAP students' perceptions of online annotation of genres across disciplines |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1475158521000655 |journal=Journal of English for Academic Purposes |language=en |volume=53 |pages=101021 |doi=10.1016/j.jeap.2021.101021|s2cid=236238505 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It also invites students to "(re)construct a history through material engagement and exciting DIY (Do-It-Yourself) annotation practices."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jocius |first=Robin |date=March 2018 |title=Becoming Entangled: An Analysis of 5th Grade Students Collaborative Multimodal Composing Practices |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2017.12.008 |journal=Computers and Composition |volume=47 |pages=14–30 |doi=10.1016/j.compcom.2017.12.008 |issn=8755-4615|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Annotation practices that are available today offer a remarkable set of tools for students to begin to work, and in a more collaborative, connected way than has been previously possible.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv65sxgk |title=Web Writing |date=2015-04-21 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv65sxgk |isbn=978-0-472-90012-1 |editor-last=Dougherty |editor-first=Jack |editor-last2=O'Donnell |editor-first2=Tennyson}}</ref>

=== Text and film annotation ===
Text and Film Annotation is a technique that involves using comments, text within a film. Analyzing videos is an undertaking that is never entirely free of preconceived notions, and the first step for researchers is to find their bearings within the field of possible research approaches and thus reflect on their own basic assumptions.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |date=2021-05-26 |editor-last=Lösel |editor-first=Gunter |editor2-last=Zimper |editor2-first=Martin |title=Filming, Researching, Annotating: Research Video Handbook |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783035623079 |doi=10.1515/9783035623079|isbn=9783035623079 |s2cid=238919442 }}</ref> Annotations can take part within the video, and can be used when the data video is recorded. It is being used as a tool in text and film to write one's thoughts and emotion into the markings.<ref name=":22"/> In any number of steps of analysis, it can also be supplemented with more annotations. Anthropologists Clifford Geertz calls it a "thick description." This can give a sense of how useful annotation is, especially by adding a description of how it can be implemented in film.<ref name=":12" />

=== Medieval marginalia ===
Marginalia refers to writing or decoration in the margins of a manuscript. Medieval marginalia is so well known that amusing or disconcerting instances of it are fodder for viral aggregators such as Buzzfeed and Brainpickings, and the fascination with other readers’ reading is manifest in sites such as Melville's Marginalia Online or Harvard's online exhibit of marginalia from six personal libraries.<ref name=":03" /> It can also be a part of other websites such as Pinterest, or even meme generators and GIF tools.

=== Textual scholarship ===
{{Main|Text annotation}}
[[Textual scholarship]] is a discipline that often uses the technique of annotation to describe or add additional historical context to texts and physical documents to make it easier to understand.<ref>{{cite book |first=David C. |last=Greetham |title=Textual Scholarship: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDJ4nTA_3Z8C&pg=PR2 |date=28 October 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-75579-8 |origyear=1992 |series=Garland Reference Library of the Humanities |volume=1417 }}</ref>

=== Student uses ===
Students often [[Highlighter|highlight]] passages in books in order to actively engage with the text. Students can use annotations to refer back to key phrases easily, or add [[marginalia]] to aid studying and finding connections between the text and prior knowledge or running themes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wallen |first1=Erik |last2=Plass |first2=Jan L. |last3=Brünken |first3=Roland |date=September 2005 |title=The function of annotations in the comprehension of scientific texts: Cognitive load effects and the impact of verbal ability |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02504798 |journal=Educational Technology Research and Development |language=en |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=59–71 |doi=10.1007/BF02504798 |s2cid=17846801 |issn=1042-1629|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Annotated bibliography|Annotated bibliographies]] add commentary on the relevance or quality of each source, in addition to the usual bibliographic information that merely identifies the source.

Students use Annotation not only for academic purposes, but interpreting their own thoughts, feelings, and emotions.<ref name=":22"/> Sites such as Scalar and Omeka are sites that students use. There are multiple genres with Annotation such as math, film, linguists, and literary theory which students find it most helpful to use. Most students reported the annotation process as helpful for improving overall writing ability, grammar, and academic vocabulary knowledge.

=== Mathematical expression annotation ===

[[Mathematical expression]]s (symbols and formulae) can be annotated with their natural language meaning. This is essential for disambiguation, since symbols may have different meanings (e.g., "E" can be "energy" or "expectation value", etc.).<ref name="SchubotzScharpf2018">{{cite journal|author1=Moritz Schubotz|author2=Philipp Scharpf|display-authors=et al.|title=Introducing MathQA: a Math-Aware question answering system|doi=10.1108/IDD-06-2018-0022|date=12 September 2018|journal=Information Discovery and Delivery|volume=46|issue=4|pages=214–224|publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited|arxiv=1907.01642|s2cid=49484035}}</ref><ref name="ScharpfSchubotz2018">{{cite conference |first1=P. |last1=Scharpf |first2=M. |last2=Schubotz |display-authors=et al. |title=Representing Mathematical Formulae in Content MathML using Wikidata |date=2018|conference=ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2018) |url=https://openreview.net/pdf?id=BkZ1IIZu-H}}</ref> The annotation process can be facilitated and accelerated through recommendation, e.g., using the "AnnoMathTeX" system that is hosted by Wikimedia.<ref name="AnnoMathTeX">{{cite web|url=http://annomathtex.wmflabs.org|title=AnnoMathTeX Formula/Identifier Annotation Recommender System}}</ref><ref name="Scharpf2019">{{cite book|author1=Philipp Scharpf|author2=Ian Mackerracher|title=Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems |chapter=''AnnoMathTeX'' - a formula identifier annotation recommender system for STEM documents |display-authors=et al.|doi=10.1145/3298689.3347042|date=17 September 2019|pages=532–3|isbn=9781450362436|s2cid=202639987|url=https://www.gipp.com/wp-content/papercite-data/pdf/scharpf2019b.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Scharpf2021">{{cite book|author1=Philipp Scharpf|author2=Moritz Schubotz|author3=Bela Gipp|title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021 |chapter=Fast Linking of Mathematical Wikidata Entities in Wikipedia Articles Using Annotation Recommendation |doi=10.1145/3442442.3452348|date=14 April 2021|pages=602–9|url=https://www.gipp.com/wp-content/papercite-data/pdf/scharpf2021.pdf|arxiv=2104.05111|isbn=9781450383134|s2cid=233210264}}</ref>

=== Learning and instruction ===
From a cognitive perspective, annotation has an important role in learning and instruction.  As part of guided noticing it involves highlighting, naming or labelling and commenting aspects of visual representations to help focus learners' attention on specific visual aspects. In other words, it means the assignment of typological representations (culturally meaningful categories), to topological representations (e.g. images).<ref>{{cite book |first=R.D. |last=Pea |chapter=Video-as-Data and Digital Video Manipulation Techniques for Transforming Learning Sciences Research, Education, and Other Cultural Practices |chapter-url= |editor= |title=The International Handbook of Virtual Learning Environments |publisher=Springer |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-4020-3803-7 |pages=1321–93 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-3803-7_55|url=https://telearn.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190627/file/A127_Pea_HVLE_DIVER.pdf }}</ref> This is especially important when experts, such as medical doctors, interpret visualizations in detail and explain their interpretations to others, for example by means of digital technology.<ref>{{cite journal |first=E. |last=Coiera |title=Communication spaces |journal=J Am Med Inform Assoc |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=414–422 |date=2014 |doi=10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001520 |pmid=24005797|pmc=3994845 }}</ref> Here, annotation can be a way to establish [[Grounding in communication|common ground]] between interactants with different levels of knowledge.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Herbert H. |last1=Clark |title=Using Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiWBGOP-YnoC |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56745-9}}</ref> The value of annotation has been empirically confirmed, for example, in a study which shows that in computer-based teleconsultations the integration of image annotation and speech leads to significantly improved knowledge exchange compared with the use of images and speech without annotation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pimmer |first1=C. |last2=Mateescu |first2=M. |last3=Zahn |first3=C. |last4=Genewein |first4=U. |title=Smartphones as multimodal communication devices to facilitate clinical knowledge processes — a randomized controlled trial |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=e263 |date=2013 |doi=10.2196/jmir.2758 |pmid=24284080 |pmc=3868983 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== On YouTube ===
Annotations were removed on January 15, 2019, from [[YouTube]] after around a decade of service.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/27/18114581/youtube-annotations-discontinued-january-2019|title=YouTube annotations will disappear for good in January|date=2018-11-27|work=engadget|access-date=2019-01-19|language=en-US}}</ref> They had allowed users to provide information that popped up during videos, but YouTube indicated they did not work well on small mobile screens, and were being abused.