Editing Anti-Chinese sentiment (section)

==History==
===Looting and sacking of national treasures===

Historical records document the existence of anti-Chinese sentiment throughout the history of [[Chinese imperialism|China's imperial wars]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Billé |first=Franck |url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/531349 |title=Sinophobia: Anxiety, Violence, and the Making of Mongolian Identity |date=October 31, 2014 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-4783-8 |via=www.degruyter.com}}</ref>

[[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] was responsible for sparking the [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) with [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]. He considered [[Culture of China|Chinese culture]] "uncivilized", and his negative views on China played a significant role in his decision to issue a declaration of war.<ref name="Lovell Julia">{{Cite book |last1=Lovell |first1=Julia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMZTCwAAQBAJ&q=british+sinophobia+opium+war&pg=PA56-IA14 |title=The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams, and the Making of Modern China |date=November 10, 2015 |publisher=Overlook Press |isbn=978-1-4683-1323-9}}</ref> This disdain became increasingly common throughout the [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860), when repeated attacks against foreign traders in China inflamed anti-Chinese sentiment abroad.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} Following the defeat of China in the Second Opium War, [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]], upon his arrival in [[Beijing|Peking]] in 1860, ordered the sacking and burning of China's imperial [[Old Summer Palace|Summer Palace]] in vengeance.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===Chinese Exclusion Act 1882===

In the United States, the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] of 1882 was passed in response to growing Sinophobia. It prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers and turned those already in the country into second-class persons.<ref name="yeefow">{{cite web |title=An Evidentiary Timeline on the History of Sacramento's Chinatown: 1882 – American Sinophobia, The Chinese Exclusion Act and "The Driving Out" |url=http://www.yeefow.com/past/1882.html |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Friends of the Yee Fow Museum, [[Sacramento, California]] |archive-date=October 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003143938/http://www.yeefow.com/past/1882.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1882 Act was the first U.S. immigration law to target a specific ethnicity or nationality.<ref name="Crean">{{Cite book |last=Crean |first=Jeffrey |title=The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-23394-2 |edition= |series=New Approaches to International History series |location=London, UK |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=25}} Meanwhile, during the mid-19th century in [[Peru]], Chinese were used as slave labor and they were not allowed to hold any important positions in Peruvian society.<ref name="Justina-Hwang">Justina Hwang. [https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-6-the-andes/moments-in-andean-history/chinese-peru/ Chinese in Peru in the 19th century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111084324/https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-6-the-andes/moments-in-andean-history/chinese-peru/ |date=November 11, 2019 }} - Modern Latin American, Brown University Library.</ref>
[[File:The Chinese Must Go - Magic Washer - 1886 anti-Chinese US cartoon.jpg|thumb|Anti-Chinese sentiment in the USA]]

===Chinese workers in England===

Chinese workers had been a fixture on London's docks since the mid-eighteenth century, when they arrived as sailors who were employed by the [[East India Company]], importing tea and [[spice]]s from the Far East. Conditions on those long voyages were so dreadful that many sailors decided to abscond and take their chances on the streets rather than face the return journey. Those who stayed generally settled around the bustling docks, running laundries and small [[lodging house]]s for other sailors or selling exotic Asian produce. By the 1880s, a small but recognizable Chinese community had developed in the Limehouse area, increasing Sinophobic sentiments among other Londoners, who feared the Chinese workers might take over their traditional jobs due to their willingness to work for much lower wages and longer hours than other workers in the same industries. The entire Chinese population of London was only in the low hundreds—in a city whose entire population was roughly estimated to be seven million—but [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] feelings ran high, as was evidenced by the [[Aliens Act 1905|Aliens Act of 1905]], a bundle of legislation which sought to restrict the entry of poor and low-skilled foreign workers.<ref name="Unspeakable-Affections-Archived-November-16">[https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2017/05/05/unspeakable-affections/ Unspeakable Affections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116013456/https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2017/05/05/unspeakable-affections/ |date=November 16, 2019 }} - Paris Review. May 5, 2017.</ref> Chinese Londoners also became involved with illegal criminal organisations, further spurring Sinophobic sentiments.<ref name="Unspeakable-Affections-Archived-November-16" /><ref>Daniel Renshaw, "Prejudice and paranoia: a comparative study of antisemitism and Sinophobia in turn-of-the-century Britain." ''Patterns of Prejudice'' 50.1 (2016): 38-60. [https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/74439/1/Manuscript%20prejudice%20and%20paranoia.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229190054/https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/74439/1/Manuscript%20prejudice%20and%20paranoia.pdf |date=February 29, 2024 }}</ref>