Editing Anti-lock braking system (section)

== History ==
=== Early systems ===
The concept for ABS predates the modern systems that were introduced in the 1950s. In 1908, for example, J.E. Francis introduced his 'Slip Prevention Regulator for Rail Vehicles'.<ref name="Lawes2014">{{cite book |author=Jon Lawes |title=Car Brakes: A Guide to Upgrading, Repair and Maintenance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sod8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207 |date=31 January 2014 |publisher=Crowood |isbn=978-1-84797-675-8 |pages=207–}}</ref>

In 1920 the French [[automobile]] and aircraft pioneer [[Gabriel Voisin]] experimented with systems that modulated the hydraulic braking pressure on his aircraft brakes to reduce the risk of tire slippage, as threshold braking on aircraft is nearly impossible. These systems used a [[flywheel]] and valve attached to a hydraulic line that feeds the brake cylinders. The flywheel is attached to a drum that runs at the same speed as the wheel. In normal braking, the drum and flywheel should spin at the same speed. However, when a wheel slows down, then the drum would do the same, leaving the flywheel spinning at a faster rate. This causes the valve to open, allowing a small amount of brake fluid to bypass the master cylinder into a local reservoir, lowering the pressure on the cylinder and releasing the brakes. The use of the drum and flywheel meant the valve only opened when the wheel was turning. In testing, a 30% improvement in braking performance was noted, because the pilots immediately applied full brakes instead of slowly increasing pressure in order to find the skid point. An additional benefit was the elimination of burned or burst tires.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1953/1953%20-%201433.html |title=Non-Skid Braking |work=Flight International |date=30 October 1953 |pages=587–588}}</ref>

The first proper recognition of the ABS system came later with the German engineer Karl Wässel, whose system for modulating braking power was officially [[patent]]ed in 1928. Wässel, however, never developed a working product and neither did [[Robert Bosch]] who produced a similar patent eight years later.<ref name="Lawes2014"/>

A similar braking system called [[Decelostat]] that used [[dynamo|direct-current generator]]s to measure wheel slippage was used in railroads in the 1930s.<ref name=annual>{{cite book|title=Annual Report|year=1936|publisher=Westinghouse Air Brake Company|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPQeAQAAMAAJ&q=decelostat|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> By 1951, flywheel-based Decelostat was used in aircraft to provide anti skid in landings. The device was on trials first in the United States and later by the British.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Optimum Braking |journal=Flight International |date=8 February 1951 |volume=59 |issue=2194 |pages=167–168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gsnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> In 1954, ''[[Popular Science]]'' revealed that there was preliminary testing of the Decelostat system to prevent car swirling on a heavy brake by the [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|US car manufacturers in Detroit]]. However, there was no public information of the test results.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Brakes |journal=Popular Science |date=August 1954 |volume=165 |issue=2 |page=232 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziADAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA232 |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref>

By the early 1950s, the [[Maxaret|Dunlop Maxaret]] anti-skid system was in widespread aviation use in the UK, with aircraft such as the [[Avro Vulcan]] and [[Handley Page Victor]], [[Vickers Viscount]], [[Vickers Valiant]], [[English Electric Lightning]], [[de Havilland Comet|de Havilland Comet 2c]], [[de Havilland Sea Vixen]], and later aircraft, such as the [[Vickers VC10]], [[Hawker Siddeley Trident]], [[British Aerospace 125|Hawker Siddeley 125]], [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748]] and derived [[British Aerospace ATP]], and [[BAC One-Eleven]], and the Dutch [[Fokker F27 Friendship]] (which unusually had a Dunlop high pressure (200 Bar) pneumatic system in lieu of hydraulics for braking, nose wheel steering and landing gear retraction), being fitted with Maxaret as standard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/search.aspx?ArchiveSearchForm%24search=maxaret&ArchiveSearchForm%24fromYear=&ArchiveSearchForm%24toYear=&x=0&y=0 |title=Browse Flight's archive of Historic Aviation |website=Flightglobal.com |access-date=2014-08-26}}</ref> Maxaret, while reducing braking distances by up to 30% in icy or wet conditions, also increased tire life, and had the additional advantage of allowing take-offs and landings in conditions that would preclude flying at all in non-Maxaret equipped aircraft.

In 1958, a [[Royal Enfield Super Meteor]] [[motorcycle]] was used by the [[Transport Research Laboratory|Road Research Laboratory]] to test the Maxaret anti-lock brake.<ref name="Reynolds">{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Jim |title=Best of British Bikes |publisher=Patrick Stephens Ltd |year=1990 |isbn=1-85260-033-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bestofbritishbik0000reyn}}</ref> The experiments demonstrated that anti-lock brakes can be of great value to motorcycles, for which skidding is involved in a high proportion of accidents. Stopping distances were reduced in most of the tests compared with locked wheel braking, particularly on slippery surfaces, in which the improvement could be as much as 30%. Enfield's technical director at the time, Tony Wilson-Jones, saw little future in the system, however, and it was not put into production by the company.<ref name="Reynolds"/>

A fully-mechanical system saw limited automobile use in the 1960s in the [[Ferguson P99]] racing car, the [[Jensen FF]], and the experimental [[all-wheel drive]] [[Ford Zodiac]], but saw no further use; the system proved expensive and unreliable.

The first fully-electronic anti-lock braking system was developed in the late-1960s for the [[Concorde]] aircraft.

The modern ABS system was invented in 1971 by Mario Palazzetti (known as 'Mister ABS') in the Fiat Research Center and has become standard in almost every car. The system was called Antiskid and the patent was sold to Bosch who named it ABS.<ref name="Patent">{{US Patent|3707313A}} - Anti-skid braking systems patent accessdate: 16. July 2020</ref>

=== Modern systems ===
[[File:Martin Motors CEO Rear.JPG|thumb|A car with a sticker in the rear conveying about having ABS and EBD features]]
[[Chrysler]], together with the [[Bendix Corporation]], introduced a computerized, three-channel, four-sensor all-wheel<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Chrysler_and_Imperial/1972%20Chrysler/1972_Imperial_Press_Kit/1972%20Imperial%20Press%20Kit-04.html |title=Directory Index: Chrysler_and_Imperial/1972 Chrysler/1972_Imperial_Press_Kit |website=Oldcarbrochures.com |access-date=2014-08-26}}</ref> ABS called "Sure Brake" for its 1971 [[Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.web.imperialclub.info/Yr/1973/Data/49.htm |title=Chrysler Imperial Sure Brake system description |website=web.imperialclub.info |access-date=2025-03-22  }}</ref> It was available for several years thereafter, functioned as intended, and proved reliable. In 1969, Ford introduced an anti-lock braking system called "Sure-Track" to the rear wheels of the [[Lincoln Continental Mark III]] and [[Ford Thunderbird]], as an option;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Lincoln/1970_Lincoln/1970%20Lincoln%20Continental%20Brochure/1970%20Lincoln%20Continental-15.html |title=Directory Index: Lincoln/1970_Lincoln/1970 Lincoln Continental Brochure |website=Oldcarbrochures.com |access-date=2014-08-26}}</ref> it became standard in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Lincoln/1971_Lincoln/1971_Lincoln_Continental_Brochure/1971%20Lincoln%20Continental-13.html |title=Directory Index: Lincoln/1971_Lincoln/1971_Lincoln_Continental_Brochure |website=Oldcarbrochures.com |access-date=2014-08-26}}</ref> The Sure-Track braking system was designed with help from Kelsey-Hayes. In 1971, [[General Motors]] introduced the "Trackmaster" rear-wheel only<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1972_Cadillac/1972_Cadillac_Brochure_1/1972%20Cadillac-25.html |title=Directory Index: Cadillac/1972_Cadillac/1972_Cadillac_Brochure_1 |website=Oldcarbrochures.com |access-date=2014-08-26}}</ref> ABS as an option on their [[rear-wheel drive]] [[Cadillac]] models<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welovecadillacs.com/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603095607/http://welovecadillacs.com/history.html |archive-date=2004-06-03 |title=History |website=Welovecadillacs.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1972,_First_Automotive_Anti-lock_Brake_System_(ABS) |title=1972, First Automotive Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) |website=History.gmheritagecenter.com |access-date=2011-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054131/http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1972,_First_Automotive_Anti-lock_Brake_System_(ABS) |archive-date=2013-12-03 }}</ref> and called the option the True-Track Braking System on the [[Oldsmobile Toronado]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Oldsmobile/1971%20Oldsmobile/album/1971%20Oldsmobile%20Toronado-06.html |title=Directory Index: Oldsmobile/1971 Oldsmobile/album |website=Oldcarbrochures.com |access-date=2014-08-26}}</ref> In 1972, the option was made available in all Cadillacs. In 1971, [[Nissan]] offered an EAL (Electro Anti-lock System) developed by Japanese company [[Denso]] as an option on the [[Nissan President]], which became [[Japan]]'s first electronic ABS.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsae.or.jp/autotech/data_e/5-4e.html |title=Electro antilock system (installed in Nissan President) |work=240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology |publisher=Society of Automotive Engineers in Japan, Inc. |access-date=2018-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720035152/http://www.jsae.or.jp/autotech/data_e/5-4e.html |archive-date=2010-07-20 }}</ref>

1971: The Imperial<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.web.imperialclub.info/Yr/1971/SureBrake/ |title=1971 Imperial Four Wheel Sure Brake Press Release }}</ref> became the first production car with a 4 wheel computer-operated anti-lock braking system. Toyota introduced electronically controlled anti-skid brakes on [[Toyota Crown]] labeled as ESC (Electronic Skid Control).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/chassis/index.html |title=TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE - 75 Years of TOYOTA - Technical Development - Chassis |work=toyota-global.com}}</ref>

1971: First truck application: "Antislittamento" system developed by ''[[Fiat]] Veicoli Industriali'' and installed on [[Fiat]] truck model 691N1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbpmalG8VUE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/JbpmalG8VUE |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |title=Sistema antislittamento Sicurezza frenata - Centro Storico FIAT - Archivio Nazionale del Cinema d'Impresa, 1971 |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

1972: four-wheel-drive [[Triumph 2000|Triumph 2500]] Estates were fitted with [[Mullard]] electronic systems as standard.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} Such cars were rare however and very few remain.

1976: [[Westinghouse Air Brake Company|WABCO]] began the development of the anti-locking braking system on commercial vehicles to prevent locking on slippery roads, followed in 1986 by the electronic braking system (EBS) for heavy-duty vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wabco-auto.com/about-us/wabco-at-a-glance/our-history/ |title=WABCO GLOBAL WEBSITE - 150 Years of WABCO |access-date=2017-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122210817/http://www.wabco-auto.com/about-us/wabco-at-a-glance/our-history/ |archive-date=2017-01-22 }}</ref>

1978: [[Mercedes-Benz W116]] As one of the firsts, used an electronic four-wheel multi-channel anti-lock braking system (ABS) from [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] as an option from 1978 on.

1982: Honda introduced electronically controlled multi-channel ALB (Anti Locking Brakes) as an option for the second generation of Prelude, launched worldwide in 1982. Additional info: the general agent for Honda in Norway required all Preludes for the Norwegian market to have the ALB-system as a standard feature, making Honda Prelude be the first car delivered in Europe with ABS as a standard feature. The Norwegian general agent also included a sunroof and other options to be standard equipment in Norway, adding more luxury to the Honda brand. However, the Norwegian tax system made the well-equipped car very expensive, and the sales suffered from high costs. From 1984 the ALB-system, as well as the other optional features from Honda, was no longer a standard feature in Norway.

In 1985 the [[Ford Scorpio]] was introduced to the European market with a Teves electronic system throughout the range as standard. For this the model was awarded the coveted [[European Car of the Year]] Award in 1986, with very favorable praise from motoring journalists. After this success, Ford began research into Anti-Lock systems for the rest of their range, which encouraged other manufacturers to follow suit.

Since 1987 ABS has been standard equipment on all [[Mercedes-Benz]] automobiles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mercedes-Benz and the invention of the anti-lock braking system |url=https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Mercedes-Benz-and-the-invention-of-the-anti-lock-braking-system-ABS-ready-for-production-in-1978.xhtml?oid=9913502 |website=Daimler |publisher=Mercedes-Benz}}</ref> [[Lincoln Motor Company|Lincoln]] followed suit in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMJSXyTnOhI|title=1993 Lincoln safety ad|last=Anthony Slanda|date=15 July 2007|via=YouTube}}</ref>

In 1988, [[BMW]] introduced the first [[motorcycle]] with an [[Electrohydraulic servo valve|electro-hydraulic]] ABS: the [[BMW K100]]. [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] Introduced the FJ1200 model with optional ABS in 1991. [[Honda]] followed suit in 1992 with the launch of its first motorcycle ABS on the [[ST1100]] Pan European. In 2007, [[Suzuki]] launched its [[Suzuki Bandit Series|GSF1200SA (Bandit)]] with an ABS. In 2005, Harley-Davidson began offering an ABS option on police bikes.