Editing Anti-predator adaptation (section)

==Avoiding detection==
{{further |Prey detection}}

===Staying out of sight===
{{main |Nocturnality}}
[[File:Seychelles Fruit Bat - Pteropus seychellensis.jpg |thumb |[[Fruit bat]]s forage [[nocturnality|by night]] to avoid predators.]]

Animals may avoid becoming prey by living out of sight of predators, whether [[Troglobite|in caves]], [[Fossorial|burrows]], or by being [[nocturnality|nocturnal]].<ref name=Sherbrooke117/><ref>{{cite book |author=Cott, H.B. |date=1940 |title=Adaptive Coloration in Animals |url=https://archive.org/details/adaptivecolorati00cott |publisher=Methuen |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/adaptivecolorati00cott/page/330 330–335]}}</ref><ref name="Duverge, P.L. 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Duverge |first1=P.L. |last2=Jones |first2=G |last3=Rydell |first3=J. |last4=Ransome |first4=R. |date=2000 |title=Functional significance of emergence timing in bats |journal=Ecography |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=32–40 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2000.tb00258.x|doi-access=free |bibcode=2000Ecogr..23...32D }}</ref><ref name="Daly M. 1992">{{cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=M. |last2=Behrends |first2=P.R. |last3=Wilson |first3=M. |last4=Jacobs |first4=L. |date=1992 |title=Behavioural modulation of predation risk: moonlight avoidance and crepuscular compensation in a nocturnal desert rodent, Dipodomys merriami |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=44 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80748-1 |s2cid=4077513 }}</ref> Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by activity during the night and sleeping during the day. This is a behavioral form of detection avoidance called [[crypsis]] used by animals to either avoid predation or to enhance prey hunting. Predation risk has long been recognized as critical in shaping behavioral decisions. For example, this predation risk is of prime importance in determining the time of evening emergence in echolocating [[bats]]. Although early access during brighter times permits easier foraging, it also leads to a higher predation risk from [[bat hawk]]s and [[bat falcon]]s. This results in an optimum evening emergence time that is a compromise between the conflicting demands.<ref name="Duverge, P.L. 2000"/> Another nocturnal adaptation can be seen in [[kangaroo rat]]s. They forage in relatively open habitats, and reduce their activity outside their nest burrows in response to moonlight. During a full moon, they shift their activity towards areas of relatively dense cover to compensate for the extra brightness.<ref name="Daly M. 1992"/>

[[File:Phrynosoma mcallii.jpg |thumb |right |[[Camouflage]] illustrated by the [[flat-tail horned lizard]], its flattened, fringed and [[disruptively patterned]] body eliminating shadow]]

===Camouflage===
{{main |Camouflage}}

[[Camouflage]] uses any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment to make the organism hard to detect by sight. It is common in both terrestrial and marine animals. Camouflage can be achieved in many different ways, such as through resemblance to surroundings, [[disruptive coloration]], shadow elimination by [[countershading]] or [[counter-illumination]], self-decoration, cryptic behavior, or changeable skin patterns and colour.{{sfn |Cott |1940}}{{sfn |Caro |2005 |pages=35–60}} Animals such as the [[flat-tail horned lizard]] of North America have evolved to eliminate their shadow and blend in with the ground. The bodies of these lizards are flattened, and their sides thin towards the edge. This body form, along with the white scales fringed along their sides, allows the lizards to effectively hide their shadows. In addition, these lizards hide any remaining shadows by pressing their bodies to the ground.<ref name=Sherbrooke117>{{cite book |author=Sherbrooke, W. C. |date=2003 |title=Introduction to horned lizards of North America |publisher=University of California Press |pages=117–118}}</ref>

===Masquerade===
[[File:Kallima inachus qtl1.jpg |thumb |''[[Kallima inachus]]'' [[Masquerade (biology)|masquerading]] as a dead leaf]]

Animals can hide in plain sight by [[Masquerade (biology)|masquerading]] as inedible objects. For example, the [[potoo]], a South American bird, habitually perches on a tree, convincingly resembling a broken stump of a branch,{{sfn |Caro |2005 |pages=53–55}} while a butterfly, ''[[Kallima]]'', looks just like a dead leaf.{{sfn |Cott |1940 |pages=318–320}}

===Apostatic selection===

Another way to remain unattacked in plain sight is to look different from other members of the same species. Predators such as [[Parus|tits]] selectively hunt for abundant types of insect, ignoring less common types that were present, forming [[search image]]s of the desired prey. This creates a mechanism for negative [[frequency-dependent selection]], [[apostatic selection]].{{sfn |Caro |2005 |pages=61–65}}