Editing Antibes (section)

==History==
===Origins===
Traces of occupation dating back to the early [[Iron Age]] have been found<ref name="Arcelin">Patrice Arcelin, Antibes (A.-M.). Chapelle du Saint-Esprit. In : Guyon (J.), Heijmans (M.) éd. – ''D’un monde à l’autre. Naissance d’une Chrétienté en Provence (IV<sup>e</sup>-VI<sup>e</sup> siècle)''. Arles, 2001, {{p.|179}} (catalogue d’exposition du musée de l’Arles antique).</ref> in the areas of the [[Musée Picasso (Antibes)|castle]] and [[Antibes Cathedral|cathedral]]. Remains beneath the Holy Spirit Chapel show there was an indigenous community with ties with Mediterranean populations, including the Etruscans, as evidenced by the presence of numerous underwater amphorae and wrecks off Antibes.<ref>[Exposition. Marseille, musée d'histoire de Marseille. 2002-2003] ''Les Étrusques en mer: épaves d'Antibes à Marseille'' / sous la dir. de Luc Long, Patrice Pomey, Jean-Christophe Sourisseau. - Marseille : Musées de Marseille; Aix-en-Provence : Edisud, 2002. p 139</ref> However, most trade was with the Greek world, via the [[Phocaean]]s of Marseille.

===Greek colony of Marseille===
{{Further|Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul}}
Antibes was founded as a [[Colonies in antiquity|Greek colony]] by [[Phocaeans]] from [[Marseille|Massalia]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}<ref>{{citation |last=Freely |first=John |title=The western shores of Turkey: discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=84WaOXNwWfoC&pg=PA91 91] }}.</ref> They named it '''Antipolis''' ([[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: ''{{lang|grc|Ἀντίπολις}}'', <small>{{abbr|lit.|literally}}</small>&nbsp;"Opposite-City") from its position on the opposite side of the [[Var (river)|Var]] estuary from [[Nice, France|Nice]] ([[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: ''{{lang|grc|Νίκαια}}'').

Current research suggests that Antipolis was founded relatively late in classical Greek period (4th century BC), to benefit from the protection of Marseille with its trade routes along the coast and strongholds like Olbia at [[Hyères]], and trading posts such as Antipolis itself and later Nikaia; it is mentioned by [[Geographica|Strabo]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |inline=y |wstitle=Antibes |volume=2 |pages=120-121 |last=Coolidge |first=William Augustus Brevoort |authorlink=William Augustus Brevoort Coolidge}}</ref>

The exact location of the Greek city is not well known. Given Greek colonial practices, it is likely that it was set at the foot of the rock of Antibes, in today's old city.<ref>Voyage en Massalie. 100 ans d'archéologie en Gaule du Sud. Marseille/Aix-en-Provence, musées de Marseille/Edisud, 1990, p. 142-143 (catalogue d'exposition, Marseille).</ref> 
[[File:Aqueduct Antibes Fontveille.jpg|thumb|Fontveille Aqueduct; section of underground vault]]
[[File:Antibes aquaduct.jpg|thumb|Bouillide aqueduct]]

===Late Antiquity===
The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Grasse|Bishopric of Antibes]] was established c.450 by [[Pope Leo I]], the first two bishops being Armentarius and [[Agroecius, bishop of Antibes|Agroecius]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tisserand |first=Eugène |title=Petite Histoire d'Antibes des Origines à la Révolution |date=1876|publisher=Éditions des Régionalismes |page=52 |isbn=978-2-8240-0609-3}}</ref><ref name="EB1911"/>

===Middle Ages===
The dust eventually settled to leave Antibes within the territory of the [[County of Provence]], itself part of the [[Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles]] and from 1033 the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In the tenth century the coastal areas of Provence were menaced by '[[Saracen]]' raiders from [[al-Andalus|Muslim Spain]], who were finally driven out when [[William I of Provence|Count William I of Provence]] captured their stronghold at [[Fraxinetum]] in 975. William rewarded the knights who had fought for him in this campaign by [[Feudalism|enfeoffing]] them with the liberated lands in southern Provence. One of these knights was a certain Rodoald, who became Lord of Antibes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tisserand |first=Eugène |title=Petite Histoire d'Antibes des Origines à la Révolution |date=1876 |publisher=Éditions des Régionalismes |pages=64–8 |isbn=978-2-8240-0609-3}}</ref>

Rodoald's great-grandson Raimbaud appears to have relocated inland to [[Grasse]] around 1050, and {{ill|House of Grasse|lt=his descendants|fr|Maison de Grasse (seigneurs d'Antibes)}} sold the Lordship of Antibes to the bishopric during the episcopate of Bishop Bertrand (fl.1166-76).<ref>{{cite book |last=Tisserand |first=Eugène |title=Petite Histoire d'Antibes des Origines à la Révolution |date=1876 |publisher=Éditions des Régionalismes |page=80 |isbn=978-2-8240-0609-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tisserand |first=Eugène |title=Petite Histoire d'Antibes des Origines à la Révolution |date=1876 |publisher=Éditions des Régionalismes |pages=70–80 |isbn=978-2-8240-0609-3}}</ref>

During this period Antibes was still being raided periodically by Saracen pirates, and in 1124 they burned down [[Antibes Cathedral]]. The marauders continued to prey on the town over the following century, and in 1244 the Prince-Bishops of Antibes moved to Grasse to escape their depredations. They [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Grasse|remained there for the next five centuries]], despite an attempt to lure them back to Antibes by rebuilding the cathedral in 1250.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Carli |first=Félicien |title=Antibes: A Short History of Architecture |date=December 2017 |publisher=Éditions due Cardo |page=17 |isbn=978-2-37786-006-7}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.antibesjuanlespins.com/en/discover/antibes-juan-les-pins-a-mediterranean-city/antibes-juan-les-pins-a-rich-history |title=Antibes Juan-les-Pins, a rich history |website=Antibes Juan-les-Pins |date=28 January 2019 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Coolidge|1911}}

When the [[Western Schism]] began in 1378, splitting the Catholic world between two rival popes, the Bishop of Grasse backed [[Pope Urban VI]] even though [[Marie of Blois, Duchess of Anjou|Marie de Blois]], mother of and regent to the infant [[Louis II of Anjou|Count Louis II of Provence]], was a supporter of Urban's enemy [[Antipope Clement VII]]. In 1383 Marie therefore confiscated the Lordship of Antibes from the Bishops of Grasse and two years later awarded it to the brothers Marc and Luc Grimaldi, of the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] [[House of Grimaldi]]. The new Grimaldi lords built the [[Musée Picasso (Antibes)|Château Grimaldi]] as their residence in the town.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tisserand |first=Eugène |title=Petite Histoire d'Antibes des Origines à la Révolution |date=1876 |publisher=Éditions des Régionalismes |pages=121–3 |isbn=978-2-8240-0609-3}}</ref>

After the deaths of the Grimaldi brothers (Marc in 1398 and Luc in 1409), control of the Lordship of Antibes passed to five co-heirs. As a result of this fragmentation of power, the actions of individual local lords became increasingly irrelevant to the town's history, with the higher authority of the Count of Provence assuming greater significance instead.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tisserand |first=Eugène |title=Petite Histoire d'Antibes des Origines à la Révolution |date=1876 |publisher=Éditions des Régionalismes |pages=131–5 |isbn=978-2-8240-0609-3}}</ref>

===Early Modern era===
[[File:Fort carre in Antibes France.jpg|thumb|[[Fort Carré]]]]
With the death in 1481 of [[Charles IV of Anjou|Count Charles III]], Provence was inherited by [[Louis XI of France|King Louis XI of France]] and thereby annexed to [[Kingdom of France|France]]. As Antibes was in the far southeast of the County of Provence it therefore became the border town at France's southeastern extremity, guarding the frontier with the [[County of Nice]], which was part of the [[Savoyard state]]. As such it was on the front line during the [[Italian Wars]] waged by France against [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]], and was sacked in 1536 by [[Andrea Doria]], a Genoese admiral in imperial service.<ref name="auto"/> [[Henry II of France]] therefore ordered the construction of [[Fort Carré]] in 1550 to guard the town against any future attacks, and the citadel was later reinforced by the renowned French military engineer [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban|Vauban]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Carli |first=Félicien |title=Antibes: A Short History of Architecture |date=December 2017 |publisher=Éditions due Cardo |pages=30–1 |isbn=978-2-37786-006-7}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

In December 1746, during the [[War of the Austrian Succession]], an [[Habsburg monarchy|Austro]]-[[Savoyard state|Savoyard]] army under the command of [[Maximilian Ulysses Browne]] invaded France and [[Siege of Antibes|besieged Antibes]], subjecting the town to a heavy bombardment. The arrival of French reinforcements, and a revolt against the Austrian garrison at [[Genoa]], obliged Browne to lift the siege on 1 February 1747, but by that point his guns had levelled 350 houses and also destroyed the cathedral again. The latter was subsequently rebuilt by [[Louis XV of France]], and this version of the building is the one that has survived to the present day.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tisserand |first=Eugène |title=Petite Histoire d'Antibes des Origines à la Révolution |date=1876 |publisher=Éditions des Régionalismes |pages=302–8 |isbn=978-2-8240-0609-3}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>

===Modern era===
[[File:ETH-BIB-Antibes-LBS H1-020713 (cropped).tif|thumb|Aerial view of Antibes in 1957, before the expansion of [[Port Vauban]]]]
[[File:Antibes - Hôtel de ville -3.jpg|thumb|The [[Hôtel de Ville, Antibes|Hôtel de ville]]]]
On 1 March 1815, [[Napoléon Bonaparte]] landed on the beach at [[Golfe-Juan]], 5&nbsp;km southwest of Antibes, having escaped exile on the island of [[Elba]]. He hoped for a warm welcome in Antibes, which had been supportive of [[First French Empire|his regime]], but the townspeople closed their gates to him and he was therefore obliged to move on northward without stopping. He successfully reached [[Paris]] and seized power again, only to be conclusively defeated at the [[Battle of Waterloo]]. Today [[Golfe-Juan]] marks the beginning of the [[Route Napoléon]], which traces the path taken by the emperor on his return from exile.<ref name="auto"/> The [[Hôtel de Ville, Antibes|Hôtel de Ville]] was erected in Cours Masséna in 1828.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Isz_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |title=D'Antipolis à Juan-les-Pins, Antibes, Biot, Golfe-Juan, Vallauris|first1=Henri|last1= Bordas|first2=Paul|last2= Méjean|year=1969|page=164|publisher=Réédition numérique FeniXX|isbn=978-2047605608}}</ref>

[[File:Aerial view of Antibes in 2012 (2).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Antibes, 2012]]

Antibes was transferred from its former [[French department|department]] of [[Var (department)|Var]] to the new one of [[Alpes Maritimes]] in 1860.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} The harbor was again used for a "considerable" fishing industry and the area exported [[dried fruit]], [[salt fish]], and [[cooking oil|oil]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}

By the [[First World War]], it had been connected by rail with Nice and most of its fortifications had been demolished to make way for new residential districts.{{sfn|Coolidge|1911}} In 1926, the old [[Château Grimaldi (Antibes)|Château Grimaldi]] was bought by the local municipality and later restored for use as a museum. For six months in 1946, it was the home of the famous artist [[Pablo Picasso]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nwJsF3GF_PoC&pg=PA101 |title=Orgasmic Days in the South of France|first= Barbara|last= Keller|year= 2000|publisher=Unlimited Publishing|isbn=978-0967764962|page=101}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/may/26/picasso-antibes-age-of-renewal |title=Picasso finds new lease of life in Antibes|date= 26 May 2009|newspaper=The Guardian| access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/24/travel/24cultured.html |title=On Picasso's Trail, From Antibes to Avignon|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 May 2009| access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref>