Editing Anubis (section)

==Name==
[[File:Anubis jackal.svg|thumb|Anubis as a jackal perched atop a tomb, symbolizing his protection of the necropolis]]
"Anubis" is a Greek rendering of this god's [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] name.{{sfn|Coulter|Turner|2000|p=58}}<ref name="AE.net" /> Before the [[Greeks in Egypt|Greeks arrived in Egypt]], around the 7th century BC, the god was known as ''Anpu'' or ''Inpu.'' The root of the name in ancient Egyptian language means "a royal child." ''Inpu'' has a root to "inp", which means "to decay." The god was also known as "First of the Westerners," "Lord of the Sacred Land," "He Who is Upon his Sacred Mountain," "Ruler of the Nine Bows," "The Dog who Swallows Millions," "Master of Secrets," "He Who is in the Place of Embalming," and "Foremost of the Divine Booth."<ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Anubis/|title=Anubis|encyclopedia=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2018-11-18|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520045846/https://www.worldhistory.org/Anubis/|url-status=live}}</ref> The positions that he had were also reflected in the titles he held such as "He Who Is upon His Mountain," "Lord of the Sacred Land," "Foremost of the Westerners," and "He Who Is in the Place of Embalming."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Anubis/7931|title=Anubis|date=2018|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=2018-12-03|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327135951/https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Anubis/7931|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old Kingdom]] ({{Circa|2686 BC|2181 BC}}), the standard way of writing his name in [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphs]] was composed of the sound signs '''''inpw''''' followed by a jackal{{efn|The [[Canidae|canid]] which Anubis was modeled upon has frequently been stated to have been the [[golden jackal]], though the African variant of this animal present in Egypt was reclassified in 2015 as a separate species now known as the [[African wolf]], which was found to be more closely related to [[Wolf|wolves]] and [[coyote]]s than to the jackal.<ref name=Koepfli-2015>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060|pmid=26234211|title=Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species|journal=Current Biology|volume=25 |issue=#16 |pages=2158–65 |year=2015 |last1=Koepfli |first1=Klaus-Peter |last2=Pollinger |first2=John |last3=Godinho |first3=Raquel |last4=Robinson |first4=Jacqueline |last5=Lea|first5=Amanda |last6=Hendricks|first6=Sarah|last7=Schweizer|first7=Rena M.|last8=Thalmann|first8=Olaf|last9=Silva|first9=Pedro|last10=Fan|first10=Zhenxin|last11=Yurchenko|first11=Andrey A.|last12=Dobrynin|first12=Pavel|last13=Makunin|first13=Alexey|last14=Cahill|first14=James A.|last15=Shapiro|first15=Beth|last16=Álvares|first16=Francisco|last17=Brito|first17=José C.|last18=Geffen|first18=Eli|last19=Leonard|first19=Jennifer A.|last20=Helgen|first20=Kristofer M.|last21=Johnson|first21=Warren E.|last22=o'Brien|first22=Stephen J.|last23=Van Valkenburgh|first23=Blaire|last24=Wayne|first24=Robert K.|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015CBio...25.2158K }}</ref> Some authors have opined that Anubis is more probably modeled after a [[fox]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Osborn |first1=D. |last2=Helmy |first2=I. |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryland05osbo/page/366/mode/2up?q=anubis |title=The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai) |year=1980|publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |location=Chicago |chapter=Canis aureus lupaster (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833)|quote=We are inclined to believe that Anubis was a fox rather than a jackal, because all of the statuary and heiroglyphs of Anubis are of an animal with the tail of a fox.|page=367}}</ref> or [[Ethiopian wolf]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clutton-Brock |first1=J. |url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Carnivore_Behavior_Ecology_and_Evolution/ptKaDwAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=anubis+simien&pg=PA384&printsec=frontcover |title=Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution |year=1996|publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |chapter=Competitors, Companions, Status Symbols, or Pests: A Review of Human Associations with Other Carnivores|quote=To me, the head of the typical Anubis looks very like the head of a Simien jackal, with its long, thin snout and large ears. It does not seem improbable that this canid was known to the Egyptians, and because it was doglike but exotic it became especially revered.|page=348}}</ref> Nevertheless, ancient Greek texts about Anubis consistently refer to the deity as having the head of a dog rather than that of any wild canid, and there is still uncertainty as to what species represents Anubis. Therefore the Name and History section uses the names the original sources used but in quotation marks.}} over a ''[[Hotep|ḥtp]]'' sign:{{sfn|Leprohon|1990|p=164, citing {{harvnb|Fischer|1968|p=84}} and {{harvnb|Lapp|1986|pp=8–9}}}} <hiero>i-n:p-w-C6</hiero> A new form with the jackal on a tall stand appeared in the late Old Kingdom and became common thereafter:{{sfn|Leprohon|1990|p=164, citing {{harvnb|Fischer|1968|p=84}} and {{harvnb|Lapp|1986|pp=8–9}}}} <hiero>i-n:p-w-E16</hiero>

Anubis' name ''jnpw'' was possibly pronounced {{IPA|[aˈna.pʰa(w)]}}, based on Coptic ''Anoup'' and the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] transcription {{Transliteration|akk-x-midbabyl|{{angbr|a-na-pa}}}} ({{lang|akk-x-midbabyl|{{cuneiform|10|𒀀𒈾𒉺}}}}) in the name <ri-a-na-pa> "[[Reanap]]a" that appears in [[Amarna letters|Amarna letter]] EA 315.{{sfn|Conder|1894|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OzIB5P77q8UC&pg=PA85 85]}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P270941|title=CDLI-Archival View|website=cdli.ucla.edu|access-date=2017-09-20|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921002124/http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P270941|url-status=live}}</ref> However, this transcription may also be interpreted as ''rˁ-nfr'', a name similar to that of Prince [[Ranefer]] of the [[Fourth Dynasty of Egypt|Fourth Dynasty]].