Editing Apitherapy (section)

== History ==
References to possible medical properties of bee products can be found in Chinese, Korean, Russian, Egyptian, and Greek [[traditional medicine]] practices.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4549745|year=2015|last1=Silva|first1=J|title=Pharmacological Alternatives for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Wasp and Bee Venoms and Their Components as New Neuroactive Tools|journal=Toxins|volume=7|issue=8|pages=3179–3209|last2=Monge-Fuentes|first2=V|last3=Gomes|first3=F|last4=Lopes|first4=K|last5=Dos Anjos|first5=L|last6=Campos|first6=G|last7=Arenas|first7=C|last8=Biolchi|first8=A|last9=Gonçalves|first9=J|last10=Galante|first10=P|last11=Campos|first11=L|last12=Mortari|first12=M|doi=10.3390/toxins7083179|pmid=26295258|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Russian Federation; In: WHO Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Part 2; page 136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VO8K9h9GvaoC&pg=PA136|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=8 September 2017|date=2005|isbn=978-9241562867}}</ref> Apitherapy has been practiced since the times of [[Hippocrates]] and [[Galen]].<ref name=Grassberger/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilcox |first1=Christie |title=Venomous: How Earth's Deadliest Creatures Mastered Biochemistry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUsBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |date=9 August 2016 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-71221-1 |page=186}}</ref> Modern use of [[bee venom]] appears to have originated with Austrian physician, Philipp Terč, and his 1888 article "About a Peculiar Connection Between the Bee Stings and Rheumatism",<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Terč |first1=Philipp |date=26 August 1888 |title=Ueber eine merkwürdige Beziehung des Bienenstichs zum Rheumatismus |trans-title=About a Peculiar Connection Between the Bee stings and Rheumatism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNAcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1261 |journal=Wiener Medizinische Press |volume=29 |issue=35 |pages=1261–1263 |language=de |publisher=[[Urban & Schwarzenberg]]}}</ref> but his claims were never tested in proper clinical trials.<ref name="Wilson2006">{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Bee |date=June 2006 |orig-year=2004 |title=The Hive: The Story of the Honeybee and Us |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312342616/page/216/ |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books |edition=1st U.S. |isbn=0-312-34261-6 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> More recent alternative medicine practice is attributed to the Hungarian physician [[Bodog F. Beck]] who coined the term "bee venom therapy" in 1935,<ref name="Grassberger">{{cite book |last=Kim |first=Christpher M.H. |date=4 June 2013 |chapter=Chapter 4: Apitherapy — Bee Venom Therapy |editor1-last=Grassberger |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Sherman |editor2-first=Ronald A. |editor3-last=Gileva |editor3-first=Olga S. |editor4-last=Kim |editor4-first=Christopher M.H. |editor5-last=Mumcuoglu |editor5-first=Kosta |title=Biotherapy – History, principles and practice: A practical guide to the diagnosis and treatment of disease using living organisms|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcJEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-007-6585-6|pages=77–78}}</ref> and to [[beekeeper]] Charles Mraz (1905–1999) in the latter half of the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Apitherapy|url=http://medicineworld.org/alternative/apitherapy/history-of-apitherapy.html|publisher=Medicineworld.org|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> In 1957, the [[USSR]] [[Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)|Ministry of Health]] sanctioned use of bee venom to treat certain ailments by approval of [[Nikolay Artemov]]'s "Instruction for Bee Sting Venom Apitherapy".<ref name="Berenbaum2010">{{cite book |last=Berenbaum |first=May R. |author-link=May Berenbaum |title=Bugs in the System: Insects and Their Impact on Human Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jh-i1SD1Ll0C&pg=305 |date=January 1995 |publisher=Helix Books |isbn=978-0-201-62499-1 |page=175}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Palmer |first=D. J. |title=Collecting bee venom for research |date=27 February 1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eodgt6aCuo0C&pg=PA546 |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |location=London |volume=21 |issue=380 |pages=546–547 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref>

Humans have historically used bee products in various ways: [[beeswax]] was used in casting metals and making incendiary weapons, [[honey]] was used for food and religious offerings, [[propolis]] was used as an adhesive, and pollen was used for agricultural work such as [[plant breeding]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|vauthors=Yaacov M, Lensky A|editor-first1=Avshalom |editor-first2=Yaacov |editor-last1=Mizrahi |editor-last2=Lensky |title=Bee products: properties, applications, and apitherapy|date=1997|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4757-9371-0|doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-9371-0 |oclc=1012443288|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4757-9371-0}}</ref>  Much later, there was an attempt to use bee venom clinically via injection by J. Langer at the University of Prague in the late 1890s and 1930, a firm in south Germany named Mack produced bee venom solution commercially.<ref name=":02" /> Apitherapy is used in [[traditional medicine]] in countries in Europe, Asia, and South America including China, Korea, and Russia.<ref name=":02" />