Editing Apollo 16 (section)

==Crew and key Mission Control personnel==
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Astronaut
|references  =<ref name=nasmcrew>{{cite web|title=Apollo 16 Crew|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo16-crew.cfm|work=The Apollo Program|publisher=[[National Air and Space Museum]]|access-date=November 15, 2020|archive-date=June 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628221856/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo16-crew.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|position1   = Commander (CDR)
|crew1_up    = [[John Young (astronaut)|John W. Young]]
|flights1_up = Fourth
|position2   = Command Module Pilot (CMP)
|crew2_up    = [[Ken Mattingly|Thomas K. Mattingly II]]
|flights2_up = First
|position3   = Lunar Module Pilot (LMP)
|crew3_up    = [[Charles Duke|Charles M. Duke Jr.]]
|flights3_up = Only
}}
John Young, the mission commander, was 41 years old and a [[Captain (United States O-6)|captain]] in the [[United States Navy|Navy]] at the time of Apollo 16. Becoming an astronaut in 1962 as part of [[NASA Astronaut Group 2|the second group]] to be selected by [[NASA]], he flew in [[Gemini 3]] with [[Gus Grissom]] in 1965, becoming the first American not of the [[Mercury Seven]] to fly in space. He thereafter flew in [[Gemini 10]] (1966) with [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] and as command module pilot of [[Apollo 10]] (1969). With Apollo 16, he became the second American, after [[Jim Lovell]], to fly in space four times.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=471}}{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=148–149}}

Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly, the command module pilot, was 36 years old and a [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|lieutenant commander]] in the Navy at the time of Apollo 16. Mattingly had been selected in NASA's [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|fifth group of astronauts]] in 1966. He was a member of the support crew for [[Apollo 8]] and [[Apollo 9]].{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=150–151}} Mattingly then undertook parallel training with [[Apollo 11]]'s backup CMP, [[William Anders]], who had announced his resignation from NASA effective at the end of July 1969 and would thus be unavailable if the first lunar landing mission was postponed. Had Anders left NASA before Apollo 11 flew, Mattingly would have taken his place on the backup crew.{{sfn|Slayton & Cassutt 1994|p=237}}

Mattingly had originally been assigned to the prime crew of [[Apollo 13]], but was exposed to [[rubella]] through Charles Duke, at that time with Young on Apollo 13's backup crew; Duke had caught it from one of his children. Mattingly never contracted the illness, but three days before launch was removed from the crew and replaced by his backup, [[Jack Swigert]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Atkinson|first=Nancy|title=13 Things That Saved Apollo 13, Part 3: Charlie Duke's Measles|url=http://www.universetoday.com/62576/13-things-that-saved-apollo-13-part-3-charlie-dukes-measles/|access-date=December 2, 2011|newspaper=[[Universe Today]]|date=April 12, 2010}}</ref> Duke, also a Group 5 astronaut and a space rookie, had served on the support crew of Apollo 10 and was a [[Flight controller#CAPCOM|capsule communicator]] (CAPCOM) for Apollo 11.<ref name = "duke bio" /> A [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] in the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]],{{sfn|Press Kit|p=2}} Duke was 36 years old at the time of Apollo 16, which made him the youngest of the twelve astronauts who walked on the Moon during Apollo as of the time of the mission.<ref name=briar/> All three men were announced as the prime crew of Apollo 16 on March 3, 1971.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|pp=471–472}}

Apollo 16's backup crew consisted of [[Fred Haise|Fred W. Haise Jr.]] (commander, who had flown on Apollo 13), [[Stuart Roosa|Stuart A. Roosa]] (CMP, who had flown on [[Apollo 14]]) and [[Edgar Mitchell|Edgar D. Mitchell]] (LMP, also Apollo 14).{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=471}} Although not officially announced, Director of Flight Crew Operations [[Deke Slayton]], the astronauts' supervisor, had originally planned to have a backup crew of Haise as commander, [[William R. Pogue]] (CMP) and [[Gerald P. Carr]] (LMP), who were targeted for the prime crew assignment on Apollo 19.{{sfn|Slayton & Cassutt 1994|p=262}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Apollo 18 through 20 – The Cancelled Missions|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_18_20.html|access-date=September 23, 2021|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-date=July 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709143112/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_18_20.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, after the [[Canceled Apollo missions|cancellations of Apollos 18 and 19]] were announced in September 1970, it made more sense to use astronauts who had already flown lunar missions as backups, rather than training others on what would likely be a dead-end assignment. Subsequently, Roosa and Mitchell were assigned to the backup crew, while Pogue and Carr were reassigned to the [[Skylab]] program where they flew on [[Skylab 4]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~oard/apollo/poss_moonwalkers.html |last=Oard |first=Doug |title=The Moonwalkers Who Could Have Been |publisher=[[University of Maryland]] |access-date=September 23, 2021 |date=June 5, 2004 |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412024509/http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~oard/apollo/poss_moonwalkers.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Astronaut Bio: William Reid Pogue|date=March 2014|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/pogue-wr.html|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528133327/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/pogue-wr.html|archive-date=28 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

For projects [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] and [[Project Gemini|Gemini]], a prime and a backup crew had been designated, but for Apollo, a third group of astronauts, known as the support crew, was also designated. Slayton created the support crews early in the Apollo Program on the advice of Apollo crew commander [[James McDivitt]], who would lead Apollo 9. McDivitt believed that, with preparation going on in facilities across the U.S., meetings that needed a member of the flight crew would be missed. Support crew members were to assist as directed by the mission commander.{{sfn|Slayton & Cassutt 1994|p=184}} Usually low in seniority, they assembled the mission's rules, [[flight plan]], and checklists, and kept them updated.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hersch|first=Matthew|date=July 19, 2009|title=The fourth crewmember|journal=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]]|access-date=October 4, 2019|url=https://www.airspacemag.com/space/the-fourth-crewmember-37046329/|archive-date=December 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202131855/https://www.airspacemag.com/space/the-fourth-crewmember-37046329/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Brooks, Grimwood, & Swenson|1979|p=261}} For Apollo 16, they were: [[Anthony W. England]], [[Karl Gordon Henize|Karl G. Henize]], [[Henry Hartsfield|Henry W. Hartsfield Jr.]], [[Robert F. Overmyer]] and [[Donald H. Peterson]].{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=472}}

[[Flight controller#Flight director|Flight directors]] were [[Pete Frank]] and Philip Shaffer, first shift, [[Gene Kranz]] and Donald R. Puddy, second shift, and [[Gerry Griffin]], Neil B. Hutchinson and Charles R. Lewis, third shift.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=472}} Flight directors during Apollo had a one-sentence job description: "The flight director may take any actions necessary for crew safety and mission success."<ref>{{cite news|title=A legendary tale, well-told|access-date=October 5, 2019|last=Williams|first=Mike|url=https://news.rice.edu/2012/09/13/a-legendary-tale-well-told/|publisher=[[Rice University]] Office of Public Affairs|date=September 13, 2012|archive-date=August 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817125432/https://news.rice.edu/2012/09/13/a-legendary-tale-well-told/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Flight controller#Spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM)|CAPCOMs]] were Haise, Roosa, Mitchell, [[James B. Irwin]], England, Peterson, Hartsfield, and [[C. Gordon Fullerton]].{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=472}}