Editing Applied science (section)

==Applied research==
Applied research is the use of empirical methods to collect data for practical purposes. It accesses and uses accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques for a specific [[State (polity)|state]], [[Commerce|business]], or [[customer|client-]]driven purpose. In contrast to engineering, applied research does not include analyses or optimization of business, economics, and costs. Applied research can be better understood in any area when contrasting it with basic or pure research. Basic geographical research strives to create new theories and methods that aid in explaining the processes that shape the spatial structure of physical or human environments. Instead, applied research utilizes existing geographical theories and methods to comprehend and address particular empirical issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hugh Potter |first1=Roberto |last2=Humiston |first2=Gail |date=2015 |title=Crime and Criminal Justice: Applied Research from Routine Monitoring to Evidence-Based Practices |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/applied-research |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Science Direct |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110193715/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/applied-research |url-status=live }}</ref> Applied research usually has specific commercial objectives related to products, procedures, or services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basic vs. Applied Research|url=https://www.utep.edu/couri/about-ug-research/basic-vs-applied-research.html|access-date=31 October 2020|website=www.utep.edu|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107212551/https://www.utep.edu/couri/about-ug-research/basic-vs-applied-research.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The comparison of pure research and applied research provides a basic framework and direction for businesses to follow.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Fuss | editor-first1=Melvyn | editor-last2=McFadden | editor-first2=Daniel |date= 2014 |title= Production economics: A dual approach to theory and applications: Applications of the theory of production |url= |publisher= Elsevier |isbn=9781483259031}}</ref>

Applied research deals with solving practical problems<ref>{{cite web|title=a definition of applied research|url=http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/research-main.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818065432/http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/research-main.html|archive-date=18 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011}}{{Link note}}</ref> and generally employs [[empirical]] methodologies. Because applied research resides in the messy real world, strict research protocols may need to be relaxed. For example, it may be impossible to use a [[random sample]]. Thus, transparency in the [[methodology]] is crucial. Implications for the interpretation of results brought about by relaxing an otherwise strict canon of methodology should also be considered.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Coombs|first1=Crispin|date=2017|title=Coherence and transparency: some advice for qualitative researchers|journal=Production|volume=27|doi=10.1590/0103-6513.006817|issn=0103-6513|doi-access=free|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Coherence_and_transparency_some_advice_for_qualitative_researchers/9500399/1/files/17127128.pdf}}</ref>

Moreover, this type of research method applies natural sciences to human conditions:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Research vs. Applied Research: What's the Difference |url=https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/basic-research-vs-applied-research#:~:text=Applied%20research%20is%20a%20type,in%20an%20area%20of%20study |access-date=30 October 2022 |website=Indeed |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110193716/https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/basic-research-vs-applied-research#:~:text=Applied%20research%20is%20a%20type,in%20an%20area%20of%20study |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Action research: aids firms in identifying workable solutions to issues influencing them.
* Evaluation research: researchers examine available data to assist clients in making wise judgments.
* Industrial research: create new goods/services that will satisfy the demands of a target market. (Industrial development would be scaling up production of the new goods/services for mass consumption to satisfy the economic demand of the customers while maximizing the ratio of the good/service output rate to resource input rate, the ratio of good/service revenue to material & energy costs, and the good/service quality. Industrial development would be considered engineering. Industrial development would fall outside the scope of applied research.)
* Gauging<ref>Shields, P. M., Casula, M., & Rangarajan, N. (2025). The Case for Gauging as a Research Purpose in Public Administration: Connecting Purpose, Frameworks, Design, and Norms in Applied Research. Administration & Society, 57(2), 281-309. )https://www.academia.edu/127152003/The_Case_for_Gauging_as_a_Research_Purpose_in_Public_Administration_Connecting_Purpose_Frameworks_Design_and_Norms_in_Applied_Research) </ref> research: A type of evaluation research that uses a logic of rating to assess a process or program. It is a type of normative assessment and used in accreditation, hiring decisions and process evaluation. It uses standards or the practical ideal type and is associated with deductive qualitative research. 

Since applied research has a provisional close-to-the-problem and close-to-the-data orientation, it may also use a more provisional [[conceptual framework]], such as working hypotheses or pillar questions.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link =Patricia M. Shields|last1=Shields|first1= Patricia|last2= Rangarjan|first2= N.|date= 2013 |title = A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management|location= Stillwater, OK|publisher= New Forums Press|chapter= 5: Exploration – Working Hypotheses|pages= 109–158|isbn = 9781581072471}}</ref><ref>The following are examples of applied research using working hypotheses 1) Swift, James T. 2010. [https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/3671/fulltext.pdf?sequence=1 "Exploring Capital Metro's Sexual Harassment Training Using Dr. Bengt-Ake Lundvall's Taxonomy of Knowledge Principles]". ''Applied Research Projects'', Texas State University. 2) Gillfillan, Abigail. 2008. [https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3775 "Using Geographic Information Systems to Develop and Analyze Land-Use Policies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226195638/https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3775 |date=26 February 2019 }}". ''Applied Research Projects'', Texas State University. 3) Thornton, Wayne 2000. [https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3757 "A Descriptive and Exploratory Study of the Ethics Program at Austin State Hospital: The Common Elements of the Program and Managers' Beliefs About the Purpose and Usefulness of the Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184040/https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3757 |date=29 November 2018 }}". ''Applied Research Projects'', Texas State University.</ref> The [[OECD]]'s [[Frascati Manual]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Frascati Manual Page 30 |url=http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/free/9202081e.pdf |access-date=17 August 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007161800/http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/free/9202081e.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref> describes applied research as one of the three forms of research, along with [[basic research]] & [[research and development|experimental development]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK24660/|title=The Concept of Basic Research|last=National Research Council (US) Committee to Update Science|first=Medicine|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|language=en|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427192427/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK24660/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to its practical focus, applied research information will be found in the literature associated with individual disciplines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Open J-gate journals|url=http://www.openj-gate.com/|access-date=17 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902091520/http://www.openj-gate.com/|archive-date=2 September 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>