Editing Arbroath (section)

==History==
===Toponymy===
The earliest recorded name was 'Aberbrothock', referring to the Brothock [[Stream|Burn]] that runs through the town. The prefix ''Aber'' derived either from the Gaelic 'Obair',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beveridge |first=E. |title=The 'Abers' and 'Invers' of Scotland |publisher=W. Brown |year=1923}}</ref> or the earlier Brythonic term ''Aber'' for confluence or river mouth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Price |first=G. |title=Languages in Britain & Ireland |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2000 |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PiAUygVGTcC&q=cumbric+caer |access-date=27 January 2009 |isbn=978-0-631-21581-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=W.J. |year=1926 |title=The Celtic Placenames of Scotland |publisher=Birlinn |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> The name Aberbrothock was spelt numerous ways. The earliest manuscripts available have it as "Abirbrothoke" (in a letter to Edward I confirming the Treaty of Salisbury, which agreed that the [[Queen regnant]], [[Margaret, Maid of Norway]] would marry [[Edward I of England|Edward I]])<ref name="Various 1290">Various authors (1290) [http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fc&fn=margaret_ms&id=id47&query=Abirbrothoke&type=ms&variants=Abirbrothoke&google=Abirbrothoke# Letters: confirmation of the treaty of Salisbury] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601005312/http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fc&fn=margaret_ms&id=id47&query=Abirbrothoke&type=ms&variants=Abirbrothoke&google=Abirbrothoke |date=1 June 2013}}, www.rps.ac.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008.</ref><!--This reference seems to use a nonexistent template--> and "Aberbrothok" (in a subsequent letter of consent to the marriage).<ref name="Various 1290"/> In the [[Declaration of Arbroath]], it is seen as "Abirbrothoc".<ref name="doa">Various authors (1320) [http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fc&fn=roberti_ms&id=id193&query=Abirbrothoc&type=ms&variants=Abirbrothoc&google=Abirbrothoc# Letters: 'The Declaration of Arbroath'; letter of the barons of Scotland to Pope John XXII] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601050045/http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fc&fn=roberti_ms&id=id193&query=Abirbrothoc&type=ms&variants=Abirbrothoc&google=Abirbrothoc |date=1 June 2013}}, www.rps.ac.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008.</ref> Early maps show a number of variants including Aberbrothock,<ref>T. Pont, c. 1583–1596 [https://archive.today/20120710022552/http://maps.nls.uk/counties/detail.cfm?id=289 Lower Angus and Perthshire east of the Tay], www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008</ref><ref>J. Ainslie, 1794 [https://archive.today/20120905022803/http://www.nls.uk/maps/joins/577.html Map of the county of Forfar or Shire of Angus], www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.</ref> Aberbrothik,<ref>R. Edward, 1678, [https://archive.today/20120904035231/http://www.nls.uk/maps/counties/detail.cfm?id=200 Angusia Provincia Scotiae, The Shire of Angus], www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.</ref> Aberbrothick,<ref>G. Taylor and A. Skinner, 1776 [http://www.nls.uk/maps/atlas/taylor-skinner/detail.cfm?id=1094 Survey and maps of the roads of North Britain or Scotland: Road from Aberbrothick to Brechine.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606041154/http://www.nls.uk/maps/atlas/taylor-skinner/detail.cfm?id=1094 |date=6 June 2009}}, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.</ref><ref name="Knox">J. Knox, 1850 [https://archive.today/20120904054722/http://www.nls.uk/maps/coasts/chart.cfm?id=842 Map of the Basin of the Tay, including the greater part of Perthshire, Strathmore and the Braes of Angus or Forfar], www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.</ref> and Aberbrothwick.<ref>W. Roy, 1747–55, [http://www.nls.uk/maps/roy/index.html Military Survey of Scotland] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818023139/http://www.nls.uk/maps/roy/index.html |date=18 August 2009}}, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.</ref>

The modern name Arbroath came into common use from the mid-19th century,<ref name="Knox"/> the older name being largely dropped by the time of the first Ordnance Survey edition.<ref>Ordnance Survey (1888) [http://www.nls.uk/maps/os/oneinch_1st_list.html 1 inch to the mile maps of Scotland 1st Edition. Sheet 49] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225111032/http://www.nls.uk/maps/os/oneinch_1st_list.html |date=25 February 2009}}, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.</ref> However, variants of 'Arbroath' had been used since the 17th century, including 'Arbroth'<ref>R. Gordon, c. 1636-52, [https://archive.today/20120905172853/http://www.nls.uk/maps/counties/detail.cfm?id=29 Anguss], www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.</ref> and Aberbreth.<ref>H. Moll, 1732, [https://archive.today/20120909130059/http://www.nls.uk/maps/counties/detail.cfm?id=232 The Shire of Angus or Forfar], www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.</ref>

===Early history===
[[File:Pictish.stone.St.Vigeans.jpg|thumb|right|[[Drosten Stone]]]]
The area of Arbroath has been inhabited since at least the [[Neolithic period]]. Material from [[posthole]]s at an enclosure at Douglasmuir, near [[Friockheim]], some five miles north of Arbroath, have been [[radiocarbon date]]d to about 3500 BCE. The function of the enclosure is unknown – perhaps for agriculture or for ceremonial purposes.<ref name="Douglasmuir">{{Cite journal |last=Kendrick |first=J. |author2=Barclay, G. J. |author3=Cowie, T. G. |author4=Saville, A. |author5=Townshend, A. |author6=Braby, A. |date=1996 |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_125/125_029_067.pdf |title=Excavation of a Neolithic enclosure and an Iron Age settlement at Douglasmuir, Angus |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |volume=125 |pages=29–67 |doi=10.9750/PSAS.125.29.67 |s2cid=53586923 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611100003/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_125/125_029_067.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007}}</ref>

[[Bronze Age]] finds are abundant in the area. They include short-cist burials near West Newbigging, about a mile north of the town, which yielded pottery urns, a pair of silver discs and a gold armlet.<ref>[[Andrew Jervise|Jervise, A.]] (1863), [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_005/5_100_102.pdf Notice of stone cists and an urn, found near Arbroath, Forfarshire] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611232404/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_005/5_100_102.pdf |date=11 June 2007}}. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 5, pp. 100–102. ahds.ac.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.</ref> [[Iron Age]] archaeology is also present, for example in the [[souterrain]] near Warddykes Cemetery<ref>Watkins, T. and Barclay, G. (1978–1980) [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_110/110_165_208.pdf Excavation of a settlement and souterrain at Newmill, near Bankfoot, Perthshire] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611215131/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_110/110_165_208.pdf |date=11 June 2007}}, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland pp. 110 and 165–208. ahds.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2008.</ref> and at West Grange of Conan,<ref>A. Jervise, c. 1860 [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_004/4_492_499.pdf An account of the excavation of the round or "bee-hive" shaped house and other underground chambers, at West Grange of Conan, Forfarshire] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611154458/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_004/4_492_499.pdf |date=11 June 2007}}, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 4, 429–499. ahds.ac.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008.</ref> as well as better-known examples at Carlungie and Ardestie.

The area appears to have had importance in the early Christian period, as shown by [[Picts|Pictish]] stone carvings found during restoration of [[St Vigeans]] Church, now housed in the small museum there. The stones had been used in building the old church and many were badly damaged. One of them, the 9th century [[Drosten Stone]], is among the few Pictish artefacts with a Latin inscription: DROSTEN: IREUORET [E]TTFOR CUS'. This has been variously construed, but is thought to refer to the Pictish King [[Uurad of the Picts|Uurad]], who reigned in 839–842 CE.<ref>T. O. Clancy, 2002, [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_123/123_345_353.pdf The Drosten Stone: A new reading] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611195910/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_123/123_345_353.pdf |date=11 June 2007}} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 123, 345–353. ahds.ac.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.</ref>

===Medieval history===
[[File:Arbroath Abbey1.jpg|left|thumb|Ruined [[Arbroath Abbey]], built from local red [[sandstone]]]]
The recorded history of Arbroath begins with the foundation of the [[Arbroath Abbey|Abbey]] by King [[William the Lion]] in 1178 for monks of the [[Tironensian]] order from [[Kelso Abbey]]. It was consecrated in 1197 with a dedication to Saint [[Thomas Becket]], as the King's only personal foundation; he was buried within its precincts in 1214.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |inline=y |wstitle=Arbroath |volume=2 |page=339}}</ref> The Abbey was not finally completed until 1233.<ref name="Miller1860">{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=D. |title=Arbroath and its abbey, or the early history of the town and abbey of Aberbrothock including notices of ecclesiastical and other antiquities in the surrounding district |year=1860 |url=https://archive.org/details/arbroathanditsa00millgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/arbroathanditsa00millgoog/page/n156 140]
|quote=panmure castle|publisher=Thomas G. Stevenson |location=Edinburgh}}</ref>

King John, also in the 13th century, exempted Arbroath from "toll and custom" in every part of England except London.<ref name="EB1911"/>

On 6 April 1320 the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]] met at Arbroath Abbey and addressed to the [[Pope John XXII|Pope]] the [[Declaration of Arbroath]], drafted by the Abbot of the time, [[Bernard of Kilwinning|Bernard]]. This detailed the services which their "lord and sovereign" [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]] had rendered to Scotland and eloquently affirmed Scots independence.<ref name="doa"/>

The [[Battle of Arbroath]] in 1446 came after a series of clashes between the Chief Justiciary of Arbroath, Alexander Lindsay, third Earl of Crawford and Bishop [[James Kennedy (bishop)|James Kennedy]] of St Andrews, which resulted in Lindsay sacking the bishop's lands and burning his properties. Lindsay was [[excommunication|excommunicated]] and it was felt this conflicted with his role as Chief Justiciary. The monks of Arbroath Abbey selected Alexander Ogilvy of Inverquharity as his replacement and the insult led to pitched battle in the town, leaving 500 dead, including Lindsay and Ogilvy. Large parts of it were destroyed in the aftermath by the Lindsay family.<ref name="lindsays">A. Jervise, 1853 [https://archive.org/details/historyandtradi00jervgoog/page/n321 <!-- pg=303 quote=barony of panbride. --> The history and traditions of the land of the Lindsays in Angus and Mearnes, with notices of Alyth and Meigle], Sutherland & Knox, Edinburgh.</ref>

The abbey soon fell into disuse and eventual disrepair after its dissolution at the [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation]]. The roof lead is rumoured to have been used in the 16th-century civil wars and the stonework plundered for housebuilding in the town. The ruins were a popular site for travellers in the 17th and 18th centuries. Finally in 1815, they were taken into state care. They are now administered by [[Historic Scotland]].<ref name="brhisabb"/>

===Modern history===
The Jacobite rising known as the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|Forty-Five]] turned Arbroath into a Jacobite town. A high proportion of its able-bodied men joined the Jacobite army.<ref>C. Duffy, ''The 45'' (2003), pp 83 and 86.</ref> It was one of the main ports where men and supplies could be landed from France. It and other Jacobite ports along the north-east coast collectively formed 'an asset of almost incalculable value' to the Jacobite cause.<ref>C. Duffy, ''The 45'', p. 366.</ref>

The [[Industrial Revolution]] led to an expansion of Arbroath's economy and population. New housing was built for the influx of workers and Arbroath became known for [[jute]] and [[sailcloth]] production. In 1867, the mills employed 4,620 people<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warden |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNT592RHNRwC&q=arbroath+linen&pg=RA1-PA543 |title=The linen trade, ancient and modern |publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green |year=1867 |location=London}}</ref> and in 1875, 1,400 [[loom]]s in 34 mills produced over a million yards of [[osnaburg]] cloth and 450,000 yards of sailcloth; the town is believed to have supplied the sails for ''[[Cutty Sark]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-800279-arbroath_arbroath-i |title=travel.yahoo.com |access-date=30 January 2007 |work=Rough Guides |publisher=Yahoo Travel }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Arbroath was also prominent in the making of shoes and lawnmowers. Manufacturer [[Alexander Shanks and Son|Alexander Shanks]], founded in 1840 and based at Dens Iron Works from 1853,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexander Shanks and Son |website=[[Grace's Guide]] |url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Alexander_Shanks_and_Son
}}</ref> supplied mowers to the [[Old Course at St Andrews]] and the [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club]].<ref name="brhisabb"/><ref name='edachshanks'>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst331.html |title=Alexander Shanks |access-date=6 January 2007 |publisher=The Gazetteer for Scotland}}</ref><ref name='brithist'>{{Cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=43417 |title=Andrew's, St – Arbroath |access-date=13 January 2007 |year=1846 |work=A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204151308/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=43417 |archive-date=4 February 2007 <!--DASHBot-->|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shanks">{{Cite web |title=MS 43 Alexander Shanks & Sons Ltd |url=http://arccat.dundee.ac.uk/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28RefNo%3D%27MS%2043%27%29 |website=Archive Services Online Catalogue |publisher=University of Dundee |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> Shanks was taken over in the 1960s by local firm, Giddings & Lewis-Fraser Ltd.,<ref name="Shanks"/> which had evolved from the flax and canvas manufacturing business established by Douglas Fraser in 1832. In the last decade of the 19th century, Douglas Fraser & Sons shifted focus to machine manufacture following the success of a braiding machine designed by Norman Fraser. The firm had interests in South America and India. In 1959 the business was taken over by the US company, Giddings & Lewis and renamed Giddings & Lewis-Fraser. Its headquarters were Wellgate Works, Arbroath.<ref name="GLF">{{Cite web |title=MS 42 Giddings & Lewis-Fraser Ltd |url=http://arccat.dundee.ac.uk/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28RefNo%3D%27ms%2042%27%29 |website=Archive Services Online Catalogue |publisher=University of Dundee |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>

Arbroath is well known for its ties to the fishing industry. Following significant improvements to the harbour in 1839, the council sought fishermen willing to migrate to the town. Men came from nearby [[Auchmithie]] and further afield, including [[Shetland]]. The industry grew, and in the peak years up to 1980 some 40 [[Freshwater whitefish|whitefish]] and [[pelagic]] vessels worked from Arbroath, employing hundreds on board and hundreds more ashore to service vessels and process the fish. Quota cuts and decommissioning took their toll in Scotland from the 1980s; however, Arbroath remains a whitefish port open for landing shellfish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/output/2004/03/04/newsstory5681647t0.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606160402/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/output/2004/03/04/newsstory5681647t0.asp |url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2004 |title=Second boost as Arbroath harbour back on the map |access-date=30 January 2007 |date=4 March 2004 |work=The Courier and Advertiser |publisher=D.C Thompson}}</ref> Only one vessel now works regularly from Arbroath, but a further three Arbroath-owned vessels work from [[Aberdeen]] and ports further north. Fish processing remains a big employer, but the fish come from Aberdeen, [[Peterhead]] and even Iceland, Norway and Ireland.<ref name="brhisabb"/><ref name='ABCFish'>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/statistics/economic/fishing/index.asp |title=Fishing Industry Statistics |access-date=6 January 2007 |publisher=Aberdeenshire Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107184807/http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/statistics/economic/fishing/index.asp |archive-date=7 January 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="scotsman2">{{Cite web |last=Urquhart |first=Frank |date=23 December 2005 |title=Quotas set to put bite on fish & chips |url=http://news.scotsman.com/seafishingindustry/Quotas-set-to-put-bite.2688901.jp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602130907/http://news.scotsman.com/seafishingindustry/Quotas-set-to-put-bite.2688901.jp |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=7 February 2009 |work=The Scotsman}}</ref>