Editing Archaeogenetics (section)

== Early work ==

=== Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884–1954) ===
[[Ludwik Hirszfeld]] was a Polish [[microbiologist]] and [[serologist]] who was the President of the Blood Group Section of the Second International Congress of Blood Transfusion. He founded [[blood group]] inheritance with Erich von Dungern in 1910, and contributed to it greatly throughout his life.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Steffen|first=Katrin|date=2013|title=Experts and the Modernization of the Nation: The Arena of Public Health in Poland in the First Half of the Twentieth Century|jstor=43819610|journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas|volume=61|issue=4|pages=574–90|doi=10.25162/jgo-2013-0036 |s2cid=252447493 }}</ref> He studied [[ABO blood groups]]. In one of his studies in 1919, Hirszfeld documented the ABO blood groups and hair color of people at the Macedonian front, leading to his discovery that the hair color and blood type had no correlation. In addition to that he observed that there was a decrease of blood group A from western Europe to India and the opposite for blood group B. He hypothesized that the east-to-west blood group ratio stemmed from two blood groups consisting of mainly A or B mutating from blood group O, and mixing through migration or intermingling.<ref name=":12" /> A majority of his work was researching the links of blood types to sex, disease, climate, age, social class, and race. His work led him to discover that [[peptic ulcer]] was more dominant in blood group O, and that AB blood type mothers had a high male-to-female birth ratio.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allan|first=T. M.|date=1963|title=Hirszfeld and the ABO Blood Groups|jstor=25565348|journal=British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine|volume=17|issue=4|pages=166–71|doi=10.1136/jech.17.4.166|pmid=14074161|pmc=1058915}}</ref>

=== Arthur Mourant (1904–1994) ===
[[Arthur Mourant]] was a British [[hematologist]] and [[chemist]]. He received many awards, most notably [[Fellowship of the Royal Society]]. His work included organizing the existing data on [[blood group]] gene frequencies, and largely contributing to the [[genetic map]] of the world through his investigation of blood groups in many populations. Mourant discovered the new blood group [[antigens]] of the [[Lewis antigen system|Lewis]], [[MNS antigen system|Henshaw]], [[Kell antigen system|Kell]], and [[Rhesus antigen|Rhesus]] systems, and analyzed the association of blood groups and various other diseases. He also focused on the biological significance of [[Genetic polymorphism|polymorphisms]]. His work provided the foundation for archaeogenetics because it facilitated the separation of genetic evidence for biological relationships between people. This genetic evidence was previously used for that purpose. It also provided material that could be used to appraise the theories of [[population genetics]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Derek F.|date=1997|title=Obituary: Arthur Mourant (1904–1994)|jstor=41435817|journal=Human Biology|volume=69|issue=2|pages=277–89|pmid=9057351}}</ref>

=== William Boyd (1903–1983) ===
[[William C. Boyd|William Boyd]] was an American [[Immunochemistry|immunochemist]] and [[biochemist]] who became famous for his research on the genetics of race in the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FE6NDQAAQBAJ&q=william+clouser+boyd&pg=PA60|title=Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center|last=Monk|first=Ray|date=2014|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=978-0385722049|language=en}}</ref> During the 1940s, Boyd and Karl O. Renkonen independently discovered that [[lectin]]s react differently to various blood types, after finding that the crude extracts of the [[Phaseolus lunatus|lima bean]] and [[Vicia cracca|tufted vetch]] agglutinated the [[red blood cell]]s from blood type A but not blood types B or O. This ultimately led to the disclosure of thousands of plants that contained these proteins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Espino-Solis|first=Gerardo Pavel|date=April 2015|title=Lectins: A brief review|journal=Vitae|volume=22|issue=1|pages=9–11|doi=10.17533/udea.vitae.v22n1a01 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In order to examine racial differences and the distribution and migration patterns of various racial groups, Boyd systematically collected and classified blood samples from around the world, leading to his discovery that [[blood groups]] are not influenced by the environment, and are inherited. In his book ''Genetics and the Races of Man'' (1950), Boyd categorized the world population into 13 distinct races, based on their different blood type profiles and his idea that human races are populations with differing [[allele]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Star Lord|last=Boyd|first=William Clouser|date=2016|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1536885545|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=b08ef2b3-8588-4fba-a58b-5b733b5486a9%40sessionmgr4007&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=203014321&db=brb|title=Chambers Biographical Dictionary (Bio Ref Bank)|last=Parry|first=Melanie|date=1997|publisher=Chambers Harrap}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> One of the most abundant information sources regarding inheritable traits linked to race remains the study of blood groups.<ref name=":7" />