Editing Archimedes' screw (section)

== History ==
[[File:Irrigation Pump in Egypt - 1950s.tiff|thumb|upright|A water pump in [[Egypt]] from the 1950s which uses the Archimedes' screw mechanism]]
===Earliest records===
The [[screw pump]] is the oldest [[Pump#Positive-displacement pumps|positive displacement pump]].<ref name="Stewart">{{cite book   | last = Stewart| first = Bobby Alton|author2=Terry A. Howell| title = Encyclopedia of water science| publisher = CRC Press| year = 2003| location = USA| page = 759| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5cP-81xDWuwC&pg=PA759| isbn = 0-8247-0948-9}}</ref> The first records of a water screw, or screw pump, date back to [[Hellenistic Egypt]] before the 3rd century BC.<ref name="Stewart"/><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia| title = Screw| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica online| publisher = The Encyclopaedia Britannica Co.| year = 2011| url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/529876/screw| access-date = 2011-03-24}}</ref> The Egyptian screw, used to lift water from the [[Nile]], was composed of tubes wound round a cylinder; as the entire unit rotates, water is lifted within the spiral tube to the higher elevation. A later screw pump design from Egypt had a spiral groove cut on the outside of a solid wooden cylinder and then the cylinder was covered by boards or sheets of metal closely covering the surfaces between the grooves.<ref name="Stewart"/>
[[File:Archimedes' hydraulic endless screw.jpg|thumb|A modern mini reconstruction of Archimedes' screw at the [[Museum of Ancient Greek Technology|Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology]], in [[Athens]].]]
Some researchers have proposed this device was used to irrigate the [[Hanging Gardens of Babylon]], one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]. A cuneiform inscription of [[Assyria]]n King [[Sennacherib]] (704–681 BC) has been interpreted by [[Stephanie Dalley]]<ref>Stephanie Dalley, ''The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced'', (2013), OUP {{ISBN|978-0-19-966226-5}}</ref> to describe casting water screws in bronze some 350 years earlier. This is consistent with Greek historian [[Strabo]], who describes the [[Hanging Gardens of Babylon|Hanging Gardens]] as irrigated by screws.<ref name=DO>{{cite journal|last1=Dalley|first1=Stephanie|last2=Oleson|first2=John Peter|date=2003|title= Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World|pages=1–26|journal=[[Technology and Culture]]|volume=44|issue=1|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/40151/|doi=10.1353/tech.2003.0011|s2cid=110119248}}</ref>

===Archimedes' role===
The screw pump was later introduced from Hellenistic Egypt to Greece.<ref name="Stewart"/> It was described by [[Archimedes]],<ref name="Oleson 2000 242–251">{{harvnb|Oleson|2000|pp=242–251}}</ref> on the occasion of his visit to [[Egypt]], circa 234&nbsp;BC.<ref name="Haven">{{cite book   | last = Haven| first = Kendall F.| title = One hundred greatest science inventions of all time| publisher = Libraries Unlimited| year = 2006| location = USA | pages = 6–| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0gBwjLTUzEMC&q=screw+history+invented&pg=PA7| isbn = 1-59158-264-4}}</ref> This tradition may reflect only that the apparatus was unknown to the Greeks before [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] times.<ref name="Oleson 2000 242–251"/> [[Athenaeus|Athenaeus of Naucratis]] quotes a certain Moschion in a description on how [[Hiero II of Syracuse]] commissioned the design of the ''[[Syracusia]]'', a luxury ship which would be a display of [[Navy|naval power]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Casson|first=Lionel|author-link=Lionel Casson|title=Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World|year=1971|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-03536-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/shipsseamanshipi0000cass}}</ref> It is said to have been the largest ship built in [[classical antiquity]] and was launched by Archimedes who designed device with a revolving screw-shaped blade inside a cylinder to remove any potential water leaking through the hull.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, BOOK V., chapter 40 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2013.01.0003:book=5:chapter=pos=377 |access-date=7 March 2023 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315173413/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2013.01.0003:book=5:chapter=pos=377 |url-status=live }}</ref> Archimedes' screw was turned by hand, and could also be used to transfer water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation canals.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World''|author=[[Stephanie Dalley|Dalley, Stephanie]]|author2=[[John Peter Oleson|Oleson, John Peter]]|publisher=Technology and Culture Volume 44, Number 1, January 2003 (PDF)|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/toc/tech44.1.html|access-date=23 July 2007|archive-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716073935/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/toc/tech44.1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Archimedes' screw&nbsp;– Optimal Design|author=Rorres, Chris|publisher=Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences|url=http://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Screw/optimal/optimal.html|access-date=23 July 2007|archive-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722060450/https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Screw/optimal/optimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Archimedes never claimed credit for its invention, but it was attributed to him 200 years later by [[Diodorus]], who believed that Archimedes invented the screw pump in Egypt.<ref name="Stewart"/> Depictions of [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] water screws show them being powered by a human treading on the outer casing to turn the entire apparatus as one piece, which would require that the casing be rigidly attached to the screw.

===Development and modern use===
German engineer [[Konrad Kyeser]] equipped the Archimedes screw with a crank mechanism in his ''[[Bellifortis]]'' (1405). This mechanism quickly replaced the ancient practice of working the pipe by treading.<ref>{{harvnb|White|1962|pp=105, 111, 168}}</ref> The world's first seagoing [[steamboat|steamship]] driven by a screw propeller was the [[SS Archimedes|SS ''Archimedes'']], which was launched in 1839 and named in honor of Archimedes and his work on the screw.<ref>{{cite web|title = SS Archimedes|publisher = wrecksite.eu|url = http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?636|access-date = 22 January 2011|archive-date = 2 October 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111002100032/http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?636|url-status = live}}</ref> Developments in maritime transport occurred over the next 180 years from the Fawcett, Preston and Company double blade design and patents by Sharrow Marine to address rotary propulsion and flow control on boating vessels through loop propellers. Electricity generation through hydropower pumps such as the Meriden project operated by New England Hydropower also uses Archimedes screw to direct water into the top, rather than the bottom, of the screw which forces it to rotate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-meriden-archimedes-screw-power-20161228-story.html|title=Archimedes Screw Being Used To Generate Power At Meriden Dam|last=HLADKY|first=GREGORY B.|work=courant.com|access-date=2017-08-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nhregister.com/business/20170525/meriden-power-plant-uses-archimedes-screw-turbine|title=Meriden power plant uses Archimedes Screw Turbine|access-date=2017-08-01|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:IMG 1729 Gemaal met schroef van Archimedes bij Kinderdijk.JPG|thumb|Modern Archimedes' screw which have replaced some of the [[windmill]]s used to drain the [[polder]]s at [[Kinderdijk]] in the [[Netherlands]]]]
[[File:Schroef van Archimedes.jpg|thumb|Archimedes screw as a form of art by [[Tony Cragg]] at [['s-Hertogenbosch]] in the [[Netherlands]]]]

Archimedes screws are used in [[sewage treatment]] plants because they cope well with varying rates of flow and with suspended solids.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lift-water-with-an-archimedes-screw/|title=Lift Water with an Archimedes Screw|author=Ben Finio|date=July 11, 2019|publisher=Scientific American}}</ref> [[Screw turbine]]s (ASTs) are a new form of generator for small hydroelectric powerplants that could be applied even in low-head sites. The low rotation speed of ASTs reduces negative impacts on aquatic life and fish. This technology is used primarily at fish hatcheries to lift fish safely from ponds and transport them to another location. An Archimedes screw was used in the successful 2001 stabilization of the [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]]. Small amounts of [[subsoil]] saturated by groundwater were removed from far below the north side of the tower, and the weight of the tower itself corrected the lean.

Other inventions using Archimedes screws include the [[auger conveyor]] in a [[snow blower]], [[grain elevator]], [[concrete mixer]] and [[chocolate fountain]].