Editing Arnhem (section)

== History ==
=== Early history ===
[[File:Springer-Arnhem.png|thumb|left|Old city hall]]

The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. These come from the [[Stone Age]], when the [[Neanderthal]]s lived in this part of [[Europe]]. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a hunters camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In [[Schaarsbergen]], twelve grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called [[Neolithic Revolution]] to the area of Arnhem, which meant the rise of the farmers.

The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. In the inner city, around the [[Sint-Jansbeek]], traces of settlement have been found from around 700 BC, while the first traces south of the [[Rhine]] have been found dating to around 500 BC, in the ''Schuytgraaf''.

Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the Sint-Jansbeek. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between [[Nijmegen]] and [[Utrecht]] and [[Zutphen]] split. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river.

=== Middle Ages ===

Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as ''Arneym'' or ''Arentheym''. In 1233, Count [[Otto II, Count of Guelders|Otto II]] of [[County of Guelders|Guelders]] from [[Zutphen]], conferred [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]] on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the [[Hanseatic League]] in 1443.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Arnhem | title=Arnhem &#124; Netherlands &#124; Britannica | date=May 2023 }}</ref> In 1473, it was captured by [[Charles the Bold]] of Burgundy.

=== 16th and 17th century ===

In 1514, [[Charles of Egmond]], [[duke]] of [[Duchy of Guelders|Guelders]], took it from the dukes of [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]]; in 1543, it fell to the [[emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]. As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the [[Union of Utrecht]] during the [[Eighty Years' War]] in 1579. After [[Siege of IJsseloord|its capture from the Spanish forces]] by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city became part of the [[Dutch Republic|Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands]].<ref name="auto"/> The French occupied the town from 1672 to 1674.

=== 18th and 19th century ===
[[File:20140822 Huis Zypendaal3 Arnhem.jpg|thumb|Huis Zypendaal]]

From 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces.

In the early 19th century, the former fortifications were almost completely dismantled, to give space for town expansion. The ''Sabelspoort'' (Sabresgate) is the only remaining part of the medieval walls.

In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in [[The Hague]]. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands.

=== World War II ===
{{Main|Battle of Arnhem}}
During the German occupation ([[World War II]]), the occupiers operated a subcamp of the [[Herzogenbusch concentration camp]] in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=820|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S73820, Arnheim, britische Gefangene.jpg|thumb|left|Battle of Arnhem]]
During [[Operation Market Garden]] (September 1944), the [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|British 1st Airborne Division]], under the command of [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Roy Urquhart]], and the [[1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland)|Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade]] were given the task of securing the [[bridge]] at Arnhem.

[[Glider infantry]] and [[paratrooper]] units were landed into the area on 17 September and later.  The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective.  A small element of the British 1st Airborne, the [[2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment|2nd Parachute Battalion]] under [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[John Frost (British Army officer)|John D. Frost]], managed to make its way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The British troops encountered stiff resistance from the German [[9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen|9th]] and [[10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg|10th SS Panzer Division]]s, which had been stationed in and around the city.

[[File:John Frostbrug 2017.jpg|thumb|The [[John Frost Bridge]], seen from the Airborne memorial]]
The British force at the bridge eventually ran out of ammunition and was captured on 21 September, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on 26 September. These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie ''[[A Bridge Too Far (1977 film)|A Bridge Too Far]]''. (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in [[Deventer]], where a similar bridge over the [[IJssel]] was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII-era Arnhem). As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed '[[John Frost Bridge]]' after the commander of the paratroopers. The official commemoration is 17 September.

The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The [[Dutch Army]] destroyed the first bridge when the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] [[Battle of the Netherlands|invaded the Netherlands]] in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the [[United States Army Air Forces]] shortly after the 1944 battle.

=== Liberation ===

{{Main|Liberation of Arnhem}}
A second battle of Arnhem took place in April 1945 when the city was liberated by the British [[49th (West Riding) Infantry Division]] fighting as part of the [[First Canadian Army]]. The inhabitants of the city, who had been forcibly evacuated by the Germans during and after the battle, returned in the summer of 1945. The reconstruction of Arnhem took until 1969 to finally be completed.

Just outside Arnhem, in the town of Oosterbeek the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] built the [[Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery]] which contains the graves of most of those killed during the September landings, and many of those killed in later fighting in the area.

The city also hosted the [[1980 Summer Paralympics]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.paralympic.org/arnhem-1980 | title=Arnhem 1980 }}</ref>