Editing Arnold J. Toynbee (section)

==Biography==
===Early life and education===
Toynbee was born on 14 April 1889 in [[London]], England, to Harry Valpy Toynbee (1861–1941), secretary of the [[Charity Organization Society]], and his wife Sarah Edith Marshall (1859–1939). His mother took the equivalent of an undergraduate degree in English history at Cambridge University, when [[higher education]] for women was unusual and before women were allowed to graduate from the university,<ref name="PBA bio">{{cite journal |author1=William H. McNeill |author1-link=William H. McNeill (historian) |journal=Proceedings of the British Academy |date= 1978 |title=Arnold Joseph Toynbee, 1889-1975 |volume=63 |pages=441–469 |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1163/63p441.pdf |access-date=6 November 2023 |publisher=The British Academy}}</ref> and his sister [[Jocelyn Toynbee]] was an archaeologist and art historian. Arnold Toynbee was a grandson of [[Joseph Toynbee]], a nephew of the 19th-century economist [[Arnold Toynbee (historian, born 1852)|Arnold Toynbee]] (1852–1883), and a descendant of prominent British intellectuals for several generations.

Having won a scholarship, he was educated at [[Winchester College]], an all-boys [[Independent school (UK)|independent]] [[boarding school]] in Winchester, Hampshire. From 1907 to 1911, having won a scholarship to Oxford University, he read ''[[literae humaniores]]'' (i.e. [[classics]]) at [[Balliol College, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Orry |first1=Louise |title=Arnold Toynbee, Brief Lives |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0198600879 |page=537}}</ref> Early in Toynbee's degree, his father suffered a [[nervous collapse]] and was [[Involuntary commitment|institutionalised]], causing financial difficulties for the family.<ref name="PBA bio" /> Regardless, Toynbee achieved [[first class honours]] in ''mods'' and in ''greats'' and graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] (BA) degree.<ref name="PBA bio" /> From 1911 to 1912, he toured Italy and Greece to study the classical landscape and remains that "he had thitherto known only through books".<ref name="PBA bio" />

===Career===
In 1912, having returned from his travels, Toynbee was elected a [[Fellow (Oxbridge)|fellow]] of his ''alma mater'' Balliol College, Oxford, and appointed a tutor in ancient history.<ref name="PBA bio" /><ref name="WWW" /> Unusually for a British classical scholar of that time, his interests crossed Greek and Roman civilisation, and ranged from [[Bronze Age Greece]] to the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="PBA bio" /> He also combined traditional classical literary scholarship with the emerging discipline of [[classical archaeology]].<ref name="PBA bio" />

===First World War===
At the start of the [[First World War]], Toynbee was found, because of a bout of [[dysentery]] after his return from Greece, to be unfit for military service.<ref name="PBA bio" /> In 1915, he began working for the intelligence department of the [[British Foreign Office]]. He worked under [[Viscount Bryce]] to investigate the [[Armenian Genocide|Ottoman atrocities against the Armenians]] and wrote a number of pro-[[Allies of World War I|Allied]] propaganda leaflets.<ref name="PBA bio" /> 

===Paris Peace Conference===
He served as a delegate to the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in 1919, where he helped shape the [[Treaty of Sèvres]].<ref name="PBA bio" /> He was present at the meeting at the [[The Peninsula Paris|Hotel Majestic]] when [[Lionel Curtis]] proposed the formation of an Institute of International Affairs, resulting in the formation of [[Chatham House]] in London and [[The Council on Foreign Relations]] in New York.

===Historian and Director of Studies===
Following the end of the [[First World War]], he returned to the [[University of London]], specialising in the [[Byzantine Empire]] and [[Modern Greek studies]] and being appointed to the [[Koraes Professor of Modern Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature]] at [[King's College London]] in 1919.<ref name="WWW" /> He was forced to resign from the chair in 1924, following his reporting on the Turco-Greek War in Asia Minor for the Manchester Guardian. Having witnessed the atrocities of the War in close proximity, he abandoned his Philhellene political stance. However, the Koraes chair was being funded by the Greek government and Toynbee's chair had been inaugurated with Venizelos in attendance. Toynbee's subsequent political resolution concerning the war in Asia Minor led to his dismissal from the position at King's College. (see subsection on Greece below).<ref name="kcl.ac.uk">{{cite web | url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/classics/about/index.aspx | title=King's College London - Classics at King's | access-date=3 January 2017 | archive-date=18 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618074147/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/classics/about/index.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 4283087|title = Politics and the Academy: Arnold Toynbee and the Koraes Chair|journal = Middle Eastern Studies|volume = 21|issue = 4|pages = v–115|last1 = Clogg|first1 = Richard|year = 1985}}</ref>

In 1921 and 1922 he was the ''[[Manchester Guardian]]'' correspondent during the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Greco-Turkish War]], an experience that resulted in the publication of ''The Western Question in Greece and Turkey''.<ref name="toynbee1922">{{cite book |last1=Toynbee |first1=Arnold J. |title=The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilisations |url=http://louisville.edu/a-s/history/turks/WesternQuestion.pdf |year=1922 |location=London |publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable and Company Ltd.]]}}</ref> In 1925 he became Research Professor of International History at the [[London School of Economics]].<ref name="WWW" /> In 1929 he became Director of Studies at the [[Royal Institute of International Affairs]] ([[Chatham House]]), a post he held until 1956.<ref name="Carrington_115">Chatham House: Its history and Inhabitants [[Charles Carrington (historian)|C.E. Carrington]] and Mary Bone, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2004. p115</ref> He was elected a [[Fellow of the British Academy]] (FBA) in 1937.<ref name="WWW">{{Cite web |title=Toynbee, Arnold Joseph |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-160398 |website=[[Who Was Who]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=14 October 2018 |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U160398 |date=1 December 2007|isbn=978-0-19-954089-1 }}</ref> He was elected an International Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1941 and an International Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arnold Joseph Toynbee |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/arnold-joseph-toynbee |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |date=9 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Personal life===
His first marriage was to [[Rosalind Murray]] (1890–1967), daughter of [[Gilbert Murray]], in 1913; they had three sons, of whom [[Philip Toynbee]] was the second. Their son Lawrence (born 1922) was a painter and married Jean Constance Asquith, granddaughter of Prime Minister [[H. H. Asquith]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The oldest living Somervillian? |url=https://www.some.ox.ac.uk/news/the-oldest-living-somervillian/ |website=Somerville College |date=17 May 2024 |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> Arnold and Rosalind divorced in 1946; Toynbee then married his research assistant, Veronica M. Boulter (1893-1980), in the same year.<ref name=mcneill1989p124>{{cite book |last1=McNeill |first1=William H. |author-link=William Hardy McNeill |title=Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life |url=https://archive.org/details/arnoldjtoynbeeli00will|url-access=registration <!-- Google Books page different from that in print --> |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1989 |page=[https://archive.org/details/arnoldjtoynbeeli00will/page/124 124] |isbn=9780195058635}}</ref> He died on 22 October 1975, age 86.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Chicago |date=1989-06-04 |title=UNIVERSAL HISTORIAN: THE LIFE, IDEAS AND INFLUENCE OF ARNOLD J. |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1989/06/04/universal-historian-the-life-ideas-and-influence-of-arnold-j/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>