Editing Artificial reef (section)

== History ==
The construction of artificial reefs began in ancient times.
According to historian [[Diodorus Siculus]], the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] blocked the harbor of [[Lilybaeum]] during the [[First Punic War]] against the [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginians]] around 250 BC. They built an artificial reef "with stones and construction material" and put poles in the channels using "large timbers and anchors".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Samuelsson |first1=Gunnar |title=Crucifixion in antiquity: an inquiry into the background and significance of the New Testament terminology of crucifixion |date=2011 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |location=Tübingen |isbn=978-3161506949 |page=81 |url=http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/books/crux002.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Knighton">{{cite web |last1=Knighton |first1=Andrew |title=The Awesome Power of the Ancient Roman Navy Was So Great, It Even Won Sieges |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/ancient-history/awesome-power-roman-navy.html |website=warhistoryonline |access-date=5 July 2023 |language=en |date=17 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Disposal Options for Ships|url=http://192.5.14.110/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1377/MR1377.ch5.pdf|last1=Hess|first1=Ron|last2=Rushworth|first2=Denis|publisher=[[Rand Corporation]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629110318/http://192.5.14.110/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1377/MR1377.ch5.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2007|access-date=20 December 2006|last3=Hynes|first3=Michael V.|last4=Peters|first4=John E.}}</ref>
[[Persian Empire|Persians]] blocked the mouth of the [[Tigris River]] to thwart Arabian pirates by building an artificial reef.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Thomas Wayne|url=http://etd.vcu.edu/theses/available/etd-08042006-093035/unrestricted/williamstw_phd.pdf|title=A Case Study of Artificial Reef Decision-Making in the Florida Keys|publisher=Virginia Commonwealth University|access-date=20 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907213433/http://etd.vcu.edu/theses/available/etd-08042006-093035/unrestricted/williamstw_phd.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Artificial reefs to increase fish yields or for [[algaculture]] began no later than 17th-century Japan, when rubble and rocks were used to grow [[kelp]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Fisheries Technologies for Developing Countries |date=1988 |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1024/fisheries-technologies-for-developing-countries |access-date=20 December 2006 |publisher=National Academies Press|doi=10.17226/1024 |isbn=978-0-309-03788-4 }} {{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref> The earliest recorded artificial reef in the United States is from the 1830s, when logs from huts were used off the coast of [[South Carolina]] to improve fishing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guidelines For Marine Artificial Reef Materials|url=http://www.gsmfc.org/pubs/SFRP/Guidelines_for_Marine_Artificial_Reef_Materials_January_1997.pdf|publisher=Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110005135/http://www.gsmfc.org/pubs/SFRP/Guidelines_for_Marine_Artificial_Reef_Materials_January_1997.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2007|access-date=20 December 2006}}</ref> In the [[Philippines]] a traditional native fishing technique known as [[fish nest]]s (natively known by various names like ''gango'', ''amatong'', or ''balirong''), is basically an artificial reef. It uses rocks and waterlogged wood to build mounds inside excavated trenches on shallow tidal waters that attract fish and crustaceans. The mounds are then harvested every few weeks during low tide by surrounding them with nets and dismantling them piece by piece. They are rebuilt after every harvest. Fish nests are often used to capture [[grouper]] [[Juvenile fish|fingerling]]s to be used as seeds for [[aquaculture]]. Fish nests were in common use since before 1939.<ref name="Johannes">{{cite journal |last1=Johannes |first1=R.E. |last2=Ogburn |first2=N.J. |title=Collecting grouper seed for aquaculture in the Philippines |journal=SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin |date=1999 |issue=6 |pages=35–48 |url=https://spccfpstore1.blob.core.windows.net/digitallibrary-docs/files/c6/c69eca99fa56c5ea9cb7df5ec872181b.pdf?sv=2015-12-11&sr=b&sig=OLip3GnWqxu3LVuKMRXTJ%2F%2BxfVmm1aZ%2FrOST6y6u3Cg%3D&se=2021-11-18T08%3A16%3A19Z&sp=r&rscc=public%2C%20max-age%3D864000%2C%20max-stale%3D86400&rsct=application%2Fpdf&rscd=inline%3B%20filename%3D%22LRF6_35_Johannes.pdf%22 |access-date=2021-05-23 |archive-date=2021-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925145818/https://spccfpstore1.blob.core.windows.net/digitallibrary-docs/files/c6/c69eca99fa56c5ea9cb7df5ec872181b.pdf?sv=2015-12-11&sr=b&sig=OLip3GnWqxu3LVuKMRXTJ%2F%2BxfVmm1aZ%2FrOST6y6u3Cg%3D&se=2021-11-18T08%3A16%3A19Z&sp=r&rscc=public%2C%20max-age%3D864000%2C%20max-stale%3D86400&rsct=application%2Fpdf&rscd=inline%3B%20filename%3D%22LRF6_35_Johannes.pdf%22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Monteclaro">{{cite book |last1=Monteclaro |first1=Harold |last2=Anraku |first2=Kazuhiko |last3=Ishikawa |first3=Satoshi |title=Field Guidebook on Philippine Fishing Gears: Fishing Gears in Estuaries |date=2017 |publisher=Research Institute for Humanity and Nature |location=Kyoto |isbn=978-4-906888-31-3 |url=https://www.chikyu.ac.jp/CAPABILITY/img/books/FieldGuidebook_on_PhilippineFishingGears.pdf}}</ref>

Beginning before the 1840s, US fishermen used interlaced logs to build artificial reefs. More recently, refuse such as old refrigerators, shopping carts, ditched cars and out-of-service vending machines replaced the logs in ad hoc reefs. Officially sanctioned projects have incorporated [[Ship commissioning#Ship decommissioning|decommissioned ships]], subway cars, battle tanks, [[Armoured personnel carrier|armored personnel carriers]], oil drilling rigs and beehive-like reef balls.<ref name=ng211/><ref name="Doyle">{{cite journal |last1=Doyle |first1=Martin W. |last2=Havlick |first2=David G. |title=Infrastructure and the Environment |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |date=1 November 2009 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=349–373 |doi=10.1146/annurev.environ.022108.180216 |language=en |issn=1543-5938|doi-access=free }}</ref>