Editing Assab (section)

==History==
Assab is about {{convert|50|km|mi}} northwest of the ancient city of [[Arsinoe (Eritrea)|Arsinoe Epidires]].

===19th century===
Assab had limited contact with the hinterland, and until the middle of the 19th century it was nothing more than a tiny [[Afar people|Afar]] fishing village with a population of only 100 people and twenty huts. It gained considerable attention on 15 November 1869 when the port of Assab was bought by the Italian missionary [[Giuseppe Sapeto]] on behalf of the [[Società di Navigazione Rubattino|Rubattino Shipping Company]].<ref>''The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People'', second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p.&nbsp;90. {{ISBN|0-19-285061-X}}.</ref> Upon reaching Assab, Sapeto found two sultans, the brothers Hasan ibn Ahmed and Ibrahim ibn Ahmed, who were both willing to sell the port for 6,000 Maria Theresa dollars. Sapeto justified his purchase by claiming that the port was ideally situated for Italy due to its proximity to the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] and he also argued that the port, though nominally under the vassalage of the sultan of [[Sultanate of Aussa|Aussa]], was in fact its own independent polity. Nevertheless, the purchase received considerable controversy in Italy where it was opposed by both the press and the parliament but also attracted strong condemnation by the Egyptians who declared the sale to be illegal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |year=1982 |title=History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935 |page=295 |publisher=Steiner }}</ref>

The Italian government, impressed by the possibility of developing the port for access to Ethiopia further inland, seized control of the area in 1882 and took steps to open up the route inland to [[Shewa]]. Count {{Interlanguage link|Pietro Antonelli|it}}, the Italian envoy to [[Menelik II]], signed a contract with the Ethiopian ruler, agreeing to supply him with 2,000 Remington rifles which were imported via Assab. Antonelli also visited [[Sultanate of Aussa|Aussa]] in 1883 where he was able to befriend the Afar sultan, Muhammad Hanfari and he convinced him to sign a treaty of commerce with the Italian government. As a result, the trade between Assab and Shewa soon expanded and by the end of the following year Antonelli was able to bring in 50,000 rifles and 10 million cartridges in exchange for 600 camels bearing gold, ivory and civet.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |year=1982 |title=History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935 |page=296 |publisher=Steiner }}</ref>

In 1884, the port was visited by the Italian traveler G.B Licata who estimated the population to be 111 [[Afar people|Afar]]s, 140 [[Arabs]], 43 Italians, 12 [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinians]] and 10 [[Somalis]]. Despite still being a small settlement, Assab was regarded as a place of promise, Licata described it emotionally in 1884 as the beginning of "great things to come. Beautiful for what it will be when Italy will have made it in truth a colony; it is pleasing in fact because it is a young thing, and touching as an Italian thing."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |year=1982 |title=History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935 |page=298 |publisher=Steiner }}</ref>

Following the occupation of [[Massawa]] in 1885, the settlement inevitably declined. The occupation of the more northernly town provided the Italians with a much larger port that gave them easier access to Ethiopia. The port's firearm trade with [[Shewa]] also broke down due to the outbreak of hostilities with [[Menelik II]]. After the disastrous [[Battle of Adwa]], Assab was largely forgotten and the Italians concentrated their interest on Massawa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |year=1982 |title=History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935 |page=299 |publisher=Steiner }}</ref>

===20th century===
By the early years of the 20th century, the port of Assab had been rendered redundant. Ethiopia, suspicious of Italy, preferred to do business with the French at [[Djibouti City|Djibouti]]. The completion of the [[Ethio-Djibouti Railways]] led to further decline in trade passing through Assab. In the absence of any significant trade from the inland, the settlement depended on salt production which was exported to [[Japan]], as well as some nearby date plantations. The population during this time period was estimated to be between 1,000 and 3,000 inhabitants with 100 to 140 Italians.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |year=1982 |title=History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935 |page=299 |publisher=Steiner }}</ref>

A 1922 British [[War Office]] report stated that the settlement was no more than a small village and consisted of "less than a hundred round grass huts of the native population with a few European built houses and a modest custom house". The rise of fascism seems to have made an impression as the British traveller Hermann Norden observes "even without a sight of the flag from the Government buildings the traveller would know he was in an Italian possession, for the black children in the winding lanes give the fascist salute".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |year=1982 |title=History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935 |page=299 |publisher=Steiner }}</ref>

After the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] the development of Assab was given a new impetus by the building of a road to [[Dessie]] and the reconstruction of the port. Assab was one of the last Italian holdouts to surrender to the Allies during the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]]. Assab was captured on 11 June 1941 by the 3/15th Punjab Regiment, which captured its entire garrison including its commander, [[Pietro Piacentini]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=358}}</ref>

After Eritrea's federation with Ethiopia in 1952 (and incorporation in 1962), Assab became an important port of entry for the southern and central parts of the country. Assab was further expanded by construction work, with aid from the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Yugoslavia]] during the reign of [[Haile Selassie I]]. Construction of an [[oil refinery]] began in 1964 and it opened in 1967. This development motivated a large number of Ethiopian immigrants from [[Tigray province|Tigray]] and [[Wollo Province|Wollo]], to seek jobs as dock workers or work in the salt and fishing industries. The [[Derg]] military regime was eager to detach Assab from the rest of Eritrea administratively, espesically as nationalist sentiments among the Afar began to grow in the 1970s. Ethiopian trade in Assab increased to over 60% as war in other parts of Eritrea made other ports unsuitable. By 1989, Assab had a population of 39,600 inhabitants.  The oil refinery was shut down for economic reasons in 1997. [[Ethiopia]] used Assab as the port for two-thirds of its trade with the world until the [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War]] broke out in 1998. Borders between Eritrea and Ethiopia closed and trade with Ethiopia ceased. The port and the port town declined and by 2005 the population had dropped to an estimated 20,222 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asseb Eritrea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Asseb |website=Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=358}}</ref>

===21st century===
In 2008, following a border dispute with neighbouring [[Djibouti]] and consequently an unsafe border between the countries, which saw forces from [[Qatar]] acting as mediators in a buffer zone, the role of Assab diminished further.

Beginning in 2015, the [[United Arab Emirates]] built a port and expanded an airstrip in Assab using the facility as a base to support the [[Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-18 |title=UAE dismantles Eritrea base as it pulls back after Yemen war |url=https://www.apnews.com/article/eritrea-dubai-only-on-ap-united-arab-emirates-east-africa-088f41c7d54d6a397398b2a825f5e45a |access-date= |website=AP News |language=en-US}}</ref>

During the [[Tigray War]], the [[Tigray People's Liberation Front]] (TPLF) accused Ethiopia of deploying drones from a military base in Assab belonging to the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paravicini |first1=Giulia |title=In escalation of Ethiopia war, Tigray leader says his forces fired rockets at Eritrea |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-conflict/in-escalation-of-ethiopia-war-tigray-leader-says-his-forces-fired-rockets-at-eritrea-idUSKBN27V05M |date=November 14, 2020}}</ref>