Editing Assault (section)

==Related definitions==

===Battery===
{{main|Battery (crime)}}
Battery is a criminal offense that involves the use of physical force against another person without their [[consent]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dripps |first=Donald A. |date=November 1992 |title=Beyond Rape: An Essay on the Difference between the Presence of Force and the Absence of Consent |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123045 |journal=Columbia Law Review |volume=92 |issue=7 |pages=1780–1809 |doi=10.2307/1123045 |jstor=1123045 |issn=0010-1958|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Criminal Violence In Sport |date=2010 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509955640.ch-005 |work=Modern Sports Law |pages=173–217 |access-date=2023-03-23 |publisher=Bloomsbury|doi=10.5040/9781509955640.ch-005 |isbn=978-1-8411-3685-1 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dripps |first=Donald A. mname |date=2018 |title=Why Rape Should Be a Federal Crime |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3095741 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3095741 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is a type of assault and is considered a serious crime. Battery can include a wide range of actions, from slapping someone to causing serious harm or even death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Neal |first=Edgar C. |date=1994 |title=Human aggression, second edition, edited by Robert A. Baron and Deborah R. Richardson. New York, Plenum, 1994, xx + 419 pp |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:6%3C461::aid-ab2480200606%3E3.0.co;2-o |journal=Aggressive Behavior |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=461–463 |doi=10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:6<461::aid-ab2480200606>3.0.co;2-o |issn=0096-140X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bidwell |first1=Lee D. Millar |last2=Barnett |first2=Ola W. |last3=Miller-Perrin |first3=Cindy L. |last4=Perrin |first4=Robin |date=April 1997 |title=Family Violence across the Lifespan: An Introduction |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1318672 |journal=Teaching Sociology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=198 |doi=10.2307/1318672 |jstor=1318672 |issn=0092-055X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Depending on the severity of the offense, it can carry a wide range of punishments, including jail time, fines, and probation.

In jurisdictions that make a distinction between the two, assault usually accompanies [[Battery (crime)|battery]] if the assailant both threatens to make unwanted contact and then carries through with this threat. See [[common assault]]. The elements of battery are that it is a volitional act,<ref>An act is volitional if it is purposeful and deliberate as opposed to reflexive or involuntary (see Dennis J. Baker, Glanville Williams, ''Textbook of Criminal Law'' (London, Sweet & Maxwell 2012) at p 901). For example. a person who has restless leg syndrome kicks his wife while asleep. The contact, although, harmful, would not constitute battery because the act was not willful.</ref> done for the purpose of causing a harmful or offensive contact with another person or under circumstances that make such contact substantially certain to occur, and which causes such contact.<ref>A criminal battery may also be committed if the harmful or offensive contact is due to the criminal negligence of the defendant.</ref>

=== Aggravated assault ===
Aggravated assault is a violent crime that involves violence or the threat of violence.<ref name="Tjaden 2000">{{Cite journal |last1=Tjaden |first1=Patricia |last2=Thoennes |first2=Nancy |date=2000 |title=Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e300342003-001 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e300342003-001 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015042645401 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Gruszczyńska |first=Beata Z. |title=Women Victimization Risk of Violence in Poland |date=2013-10-31 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01839-3_9 |work=Organized Crime, Corruption and Crime Prevention |pages=69–75 |access-date=2023-03-23 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-01839-3_9 |isbn=978-3-319-01838-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is generally described as an intentional act that causes another person to fear imminent physical harm or injury. This can include the use of a weapon, or the threat of using a weapon. It is usually considered a felony offense and can carry severe penalties. Aggravated assault is often considered a very serious crime and can lead to long-term prison sentences.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gurr |first=Ted Robert |date=January 1981 |title=Historical Trends in Violent Crime: A Critical Review of the Evidence |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/449082 |journal=Crime and Justice |volume=3 |pages=295–353 |doi=10.1086/449082 |s2cid=144948441 |issn=0192-3234|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Markowitz |first=Sara |date=March 2005 |title=Alcohol, Drugs and Violent Crime |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2005.05.003 |journal=International Review of Law and Economics |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=20–44 |doi=10.1016/j.irle.2005.05.003 |issn=0144-8188|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeLisi |first=Matt |date=2003 |title=Criminal careers behind bars |journal=Behavioral Sciences & the Law |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=653–669 |doi=10.1002/bsl.531 |pmid=14502694 |issn=0735-3936|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Aggravation (law)|Aggravated]] assault is, in some jurisdictions, a stronger form of assault, usually using a [[deadly weapon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Crime in the United States 2010: Aggravated Assault |work=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-the-u.s.-2010/violent-crime/aggravatedassaultmain}}</ref> A person has committed an aggravated assault when that person attempts to:
* cause serious bodily injury to another person with a deadly weapon<ref name="Baker">{{cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Dennis|last2=William|first2=Glanville|title=Textbook of Criminal Law|publisher=London, Sweet & Maxwell|chapter=9}}</ref>
* have sexual relations with a person who is under the [[age of consent]]
* cause bodily harm by recklessly operating a [[motor vehicle]] during [[road rage]]; often referred to as either ''vehicular assault'' or ''aggravated assault with a motor vehicle''.

Aggravated assault can also be charged in cases of attempted harm against police officers or other public servants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Frankie Y. |date=September 1999 |title=Book Review: Street-Level Leadership: Discretion and Legitimacy in Front-Line Public Service |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401689902400229 |journal=Criminal Justice Review |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=218–220 |doi=10.1177/073401689902400229 |s2cid=144571165 |issn=0734-0168|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sherman |first1=Lawrence W. |last2=Rogan |first2=Dennis P. |date=December 1995 |title=Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: "Hot spots" patrol in Kansas city |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418829500096241 |journal=Justice Quarterly |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=673–693 |doi=10.1080/07418829500096241 |issn=0741-8825|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sherman |first1=Lawrence W. |last2=Berk |first2=Richard A. |date=April 1984 |title=The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2095575 |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=261–272 |doi=10.2307/2095575 |jstor=2095575 |pmid=6742629 |issn=0003-1224|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chambliss |first=William J. |date=2018-05-15 |title=Power, Politics, and Crime |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429498084 |doi=10.4324/9780429498084|isbn=9780429498084 }}</ref>