Editing Assembly of First Nations (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Indigenous organizations in Canada}}
Indigenous peoples of North America have created a variety of political organizations. Examples preceding European contact include the [[Iroquois|Iroquois Confederacy]], or ''[[Haudenosaunee]]'', the [[Blackfoot Confederacy]], and Powhatan Confederacy in three different regions. There were other confederacies in New England, New York, and in the Southeast British colonies. Other groups formed later to enter into treaties with colonial governments led by ethnic French, Spanish and English.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of regional Indigenous organizations were formed in Canada, such as the Grand Indian Council of Ontario and Quebec, and the [[Allied Tribes of B.C.]] After World War II, additional provincial and territorial organizations were founded and continued to expand their memberships in an effort to assert their rights to land and to protect their cultures.

Indigenous activists under the leadership of controversial lawyer [[William Wuttunee]] from [[Red Pheasant First Nation]] founded the [[National Indian Council]] (NIC) in 1961 to represent their peoples of Canada, including treaty/status Indians, non-status Indians, and the [[Métis people|Métis]], though not the [[Inuit]], who took a different path.<ref name="afnstory">[http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=59 Assembly of First Nations – The Story] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802164225/http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=59 |date=2009-08-02 }}</ref> This organization, however, collapsed in 1967 as the three groups failed to achieve consensus on their positions.

At the same time, other Indigenous activism was rising. Following the government's publication of its [[1969 White Paper]], [[George Manuel]], Noel Doucette, Andrew Delisle, Omer Peters, Jack Sark, Dave Courchene, Roy Sam, Harold Sappier, Dave Ahenakew, Harold Cardinal, and Roy Daniels founded and incorporated the National Indian Brotherhood in 1970. It was intended as an umbrella organization for the various provincial and territorial organizations of status Indians, such as the [[Indian Association of Alberta]].<ref name="McFarlane">{{cite book|last=McFarlane|first=Peter|title=Brotherhood to nationhood : George Manuel and the making of the modern Indian movement|url=https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodtonat0000mcfa|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=Between the Lines|location=Toronto|isbn=0921284667}}</ref><ref name="one">{{cite web|url=http://www.afn.ca/misc/C-44.pdf |title=First Nations Bill C-44 |work=The Assembly of First Nations}}</ref>

The Métis and non-status Indians set up a separate organization in 1971, known as the [[Native Council of Canada]] (NCC). It originally was made up of regional and provincial associations of these peoples. By the late 20th century, an increasing number of Aboriginal peoples were living in urban areas. With further development and led by [[Jim Sinclair (politician)|Jim Sinclair]], in 1993 it became the [[Congress of Aboriginal Peoples]] (CAP), representing urban and off-reserve Métis, non-status and status Indians. It also represents some Inuit.<ref name="enc">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/congress-of-aboriginal-peoples|title=Congress of Aboriginal Peoples|last= Posluns |first= Michael |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|date=23 July 2007|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>

===National Indian Brotherhood===
The National Indian Brotherhood (NIB) was a national political body made up of the leadership of the various provincial and territorial organizations (PTOs); it lobbied for changes to federal and provincial policies to support Indigenous rights and sovereignty.<ref name="Pound 2005">{{cite book |title='Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates' |last=Pound |first=Richard W. |publisher=Fitzhenry and Whiteside |year=2005}}</ref>

The following year, the NIB launched its first major campaign, which opposed the assimilationist proposals of the [[1969 White Paper]]. In that, the [[Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Canada)|Minister of Indian Affairs]], [[Jean Chrétien]], had proposed abolition of the ''[[Indian Act]]'', rejection of [[Aboriginal land claims]], and assimilation of First Nations people into the Canadian population, with the status of other ethnic minorities, who were largely descendants of immigrants, rather than as a distinct group reflecting Indigenous peoples history in North America.

Supported by a churches, labour, and other citizen groups, the NIB mounted massive opposition to the government plan. On June 3, 1970, the NIB presented the response by [[Harold Cardinal]] and the Indian Chiefs of Alberta (entitled "Citizens Plus" but commonly known as "[[The Red Paper]]") to Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] and ministers of his Cabinet. Startled by the strong opposition to the White Paper, the Prime Minister told the delegation that the White Paper recommendations would not be imposed against their will.

In 1972, the NIB submitted their policy paper ''Indian Control of Indian Education'' to the federal government, which generally accepted this proposal to devolve control of Indigenous education to the bands and reserves. The NIB gained national recognition on the issue of Indigenous education in Canada. Their work contributed to the government's ending the [[Canadian Residential School System]], which had been long opposed by Indigenous people. It was also a first step in the push for Indigenous self-governance.<ref name="afnstory"/><ref name="fnedu">[http://www.canadiancontent.ca/issues/0499firsted.html A Brief History of the Education of First Nations Children: What Should They Learn and How Should They Learn it?], Iram Khan</ref>

In 1973, the [[Calder v. British Columbia (Attorney General)|Calder case]] decision was issued.<!-- Needs explanation of significance --><ref name="ndp-ear">{{cite journal|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.3138%2Fjcs.34.1.52  |title=With an ear to the ground: The CCF/NDP and aboriginal policy in Canada, 1926–1993| journal=Journal of Canadian Studies| date= Spring 1999| last1=Tester |first1= Frank James |last2= McNicoll |first2=Paule |last3=Forsyth| first3=Jessie|volume=34|pages=52–74|doi=10.3138/jcs.34.1.52|s2cid=140481114|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706013520/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3683/is_199904/ai_n8843392/pg_9|archive-date=2007-07-06|url-access=subscription}}</ref> "You have more rights than I thought you did," Prime Minister Trudeau told the NIB leaders.

The NIB gained [[consultative status]] with the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] in 1974, until such time as an international Indigenous organization could be formed. When the [[World Council of Indigenous Peoples]] was formed on [[Nuu-chah-nulth people|Nuu-chah-nulth]] territory the following year, under the leadership of George Manuel, it took the place of the NIB at the [[United Nations]].

===Shift toward representation for chiefs===
The NIB began to have its own tensions. Individual chiefs and regional groupings begin to chafe because their only access to the national scene was through their respective PTOs. The chiefs complained they were not being heard.

In 1978, in an effort to enable more opinions to be heard, NIB President Noel Starblanket organized an "All Chiefs Conference" on ''Indian Self-Government''. The Chiefs were delighted with the opportunity. At a second All Chief Conference, the Chiefs announced that the All Chief Conference would be "the one and only voice of Indian people in Canada."

That same year Prime Minister Trudeau announced that Canada would patriate its constitution; essentially take over its governance. NIB and other groups questioned what would happen to the Treaty and aboriginal rights that had been guaranteed by the Imperial Crown, if Canada took over its own governance. They believed that strong national leadership from the Chiefs was essential. The Chiefs formalized their governance structure, compromised by incorporating a "Confederacy" composed largely of the NIB leadership, and made the NIB, an incorporated body, its administrative secretariat. They used the United Nations General Assembly as a model in conceiving how the new Assembly of First Nations would be structured and operate.

The Chiefs held their first assembly as "the Assembly of First Nations" (AFN) in [[Penticton, British Columbia]], in April 1982. The new structure gave membership and voting rights directly to individual chiefs representing First Nations, rather than to representatives of their provincial/territorial organizations.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 1982|title=The New order of government|journal=Saskatchewan Indian|volume=12|issue=4|pages=30–32}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First Nations Assembly |url=http://www.sicc.sk.ca/archive/saskindian/a82may26.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809005213/http://www.sicc.sk.ca/archive/saskindian/a82may26.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-08-09 |access-date=28 November 2019 |work=Saskatchewan Indian |issue=v12 n04 p26 |date=May 1982}}</ref> This structure was adopted in July 1985, as part of the Charter of the Assembly of First Nations.