Editing Attic numerals (section)

==The system==

===Symbols===
The Attic numerals used the following main symbols, with the given values:<ref name="Gow">{{cite journal|journal=The Journal of Philology|volume=XXII|year=1883|place=Cambridge|title=The Greek numerical alphabet|author-first=James|author-last=Gow|author-link=James Gow (scholar)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZZNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA278|pages=278–9}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{cite book|title=History of Mathematics|author-first=David Eugene|author-last=Smith|author-link=David Eugene Smith|chapter=Reading and writing numbers: Greek numerals|pages=49–51|year=1958|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTytJGnTf1kC&pg=PA49|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=9780486204307|place=New York}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFDB0;" | Value
! style="background-color:#FFFDB0;" | Symbol
! Talents
! Staters
! Notes
! Etruscan
! Roman
|-
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;text-align:right" | '''1'''
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;font-size:150%;text-align:center" | Ι
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 
|
| Tally mark?
| style="text-align:center" | 𐌠
| style="text-align:center" | I
|-
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;text-align:right" | '''5'''
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;font-size:150%;text-align:center" | Π
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅈
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅏
| Old Greek: '''Π'''ΕΝΤΕ {{IPA|[pɛntɛ]}} Modern: {{Lang|el|πέντε}}
| style="text-align:center" | 𐌡
| style="text-align:center" | V
|-
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;text-align:right" | '''10'''
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;font-size:150%;text-align:center" | Δ
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅉
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅐
| Old Greek: '''Δ'''ΕΚΑ {{IPA|[deka]}} Modern: {{Lang|el|δέκα}}
| style="text-align:center" | 𐌢
| style="text-align:center" | X
|-
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;text-align:right" | '''50'''
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅄
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅊
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅑
| "Δ" in "Π": 10 × 5 = 50
| style="text-align:center" | 𐌣
| style="text-align:center" | L
|-
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;text-align:right" | '''100'''
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;font-size:150%;text-align:center" | Η
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅋
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅒
| Old Greek: '''Η'''ΕΚΑΤΟΝ {{IPA|[hɛkaton]}} Modern: {{Lang|el|εκατό}}
| style="text-align:center" | 𐌟
| style="text-align:center" | C
|-
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;text-align:right" | '''500'''
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅅
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅌
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅓
| "Η" in "Π": 100 × 5 = 500
| style="text-align:center" | ?
| style="text-align:center" | D
|-
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;text-align:right" | '''1000'''
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;font-size:150%;text-align:center" | Χ
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅍
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅔
| Old Greek: '''Χ'''ΙΛΙΟΙ {{IPA|[kʰilioi]}} Modern: {{Lang|el|χίλιοι}}
| style="text-align:center" | ?
| style="text-align:center" | M
|-
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;text-align:right" | '''5000'''
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅆
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅎
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 
| "Χ" in "Π": 1000 × 5 = 5000
| style="text-align:center" | ?
| style="text-align:center" | <span style="text-decoration:overline;">V</span>
|-
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;text-align:right" | '''10000'''
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;font-size:150%;text-align:center" | Μ
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅕
| Old Greek: '''Μ'''ΥΡΙΟΙ {{IPA|[myrioi]}} Modern: {{Lang|el|μύριοι}}
| style="text-align:center" | ?
| style="text-align:center" | <span style="text-decoration:overline;">X</span>
|-
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;text-align:right" | '''50000'''
| style="background-color:#FFFDB0;font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅇
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 
| style="font-size:150%;text-align:center" | 𐅖
| "Μ" in "Π": 10000 × 5 = 50000
| style="text-align:center" | ?
| style="text-align:center" | <span style="text-decoration:overline;">L</span>
|}

The symbols representing 50, 500, 5000, and 50000 were composites of an old form of the capital letter [[Pi (letter)|pi]] (with a short right leg) and a tiny version of the applicable power of ten. For example, 𐅆 was five times one thousand.  

====Special symbols====
The fractions "one half" and "one quarter" were written "𐅁" and "𐅀", respectively.

The symbols were slightly modified when used to encode amounts in [[talent (measurement)|talents]] (with a small capital [[tau]], "Τ") or in [[stater]]s (with a small capital [[sigma]], "Σ"). Specific numeral symbols were used to represent one [[Ancient drachma|drachma]] ("𐅂") and ten [[mina (unit)|minas]] "𐅗". 

==== The symbol for 100 ====
The use of "Η" (capital [[eta]]) for 100 reflects the early date of this numbering system.  In the Greek language of the time, the word for a hundred would be pronounced {{IPA|[hɛkaton]}} (with a "rough aspirated" sound /h/) and written "ΗΕΚΑΤΟΝ", because "Η" represented the sound /h/ in the Attic alphabet. In later, "classical" Greek, with the adoption of the Ionic alphabet throughout the majority of Greece, the letter eta had come to represent the long e sound while the rough aspiration was no longer marked.<ref>{{cite book|author-first=Arthur Geoffrey|author-last=Woodhead|year=1981|title=The Study of Greek Inscriptions|edition=Second|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=18|isbn=0-521-23188-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1-last=Smyth|author1-first=Herbert Weir|author1-link=Herbert Weir Smyth|author2-last=Messing|author2-first=Gordon M.|year=2002|orig-year=1920|title=Greek Grammar|edition=Revised|place=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=10|chapter=§14|isbn=0-674-36250-0}}</ref> It was not until [[Aristophanes of Byzantium]] introduced the various accent markings during the Hellenistic period that the [[spiritus asper]] began to represent /h/, resulting in the spelling {{lang|grc|ἑκατόν}}.<ref>As found in [[Katharevousa]], [[polytonic]] Greek in general and Modern Greek in particular before the 1982 [[Greek_diacritics#Official adoption of monotonic system|official adoption of the monotonic system]]; however, neither the /h/ phoneme nor the spiritus asper, or "rough breathing mark", are present in monotonic [[Standard Modern Greek]], resulting in the standard modern spelling {{lang|grc|εκατό}}.</ref>

===Simple multiples of powers of ten===
Multiples 1 to 9 of each power of ten were written by combining the two corresponding "1" and "5" digits, namely:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
| rowspan=2 style="width:10em" | Units   
| Ι || II || III || IIII || Π || ΠI || ΠII || ΠIII || ΠIIII 
|-  
| style="width:3em" | 1
| style="width:3em" | 2
| style="width:3em" | 3
| style="width:3em" | 4
| style="width:3em" | 5
| style="width:3em" | 6
| style="width:3em" | 7
| style="width:3em" | 8
| style="width:3em" | 9
|-
| colspan=10 style="height:2px;background-color:#DDE0FF;" | 
|-
| rowspan=2 |Tens               
| Δ  || ΔΔ || ΔΔΔ || ΔΔΔΔ || 𐅄 || 𐅄Δ || 𐅄ΔΔ || 𐅄ΔΔΔ || 𐅄ΔΔΔΔ 
|-
| 10 || 20 || 30  || 40  || 50 || 60 || 70  || 80  || 90
|-
| colspan=10 style="height:2px;background-color:#DDE0FF;" | 
|-
| rowspan=2 |Hundreds
| Η || ΗΗ || ΗΗΗ || ΗΗΗΗ || 𐅅 || 𐅅Η || 𐅅ΗΗ || 𐅅ΗΗΗ || 𐅅ΗΗΗΗ
|-
| 100 || 200 || 300 || 400 || 500 || 600 || 700 || 800 || 900
|-
| colspan=10 style="height:2px;background-color:#DDE0FF;" | 
|-
| rowspan=2 |Thousands
| Χ || ΧΧ || ΧΧΧ || ΧΧΧΧ || 𐅆 || 𐅆Χ || 𐅆ΧΧ || 𐅆ΧΧΧ || 𐅆ΧΧΧΧ 
|-
| 1000 || 2000 || 3000 || 4000 || 5000 || 6000 || 7000 || 8000 || 9000
|-
| colspan=10 style="height:2px;background-color:#DDE0FF;" | 
|-
| rowspan=2 |Tens of thousands
| Μ || ΜΜ || ΜΜΜ || ΜΜΜΜ || 𐅇 || 𐅇Μ || 𐅇ΜΜ || 𐅇ΜΜΜ || 𐅇ΜΜΜΜ 
|-
| 10000 || 20000 || 30000 || 40000 ||50000 ||60000 ||70000 || 80000|| 90000
|}

Unlike the more familiar Roman numeral system, the Attic system used only the so-called "additive" notation. Thus, the numbers 4 and 9 were written '''ΙΙΙΙ''' and  '''ΠΙΙΙΙ''', not '''ΙΠ''' and '''ΙΔ'''.

===General numbers===
In general, the number to be represented was broken down into simple multiples (1 to 9) of powers of ten — units, tens, hundred, thousands, etc..  Then these parts would be written down in sequence, from largest to smallest value. For example:

* 49 =  40 + 9 = ΔΔΔΔ + ΠΙΙΙΙ = '''ΔΔΔΔΠΙΙΙΙ'''
* 2001 = 2000 + 1 = ΧΧ + I = '''ΧΧΙ'''
* 1982 = 1000 + 900 + 80 + 2 = Χ + 𐅅ΗΗΗΗ + 𐅄ΔΔΔ + ΙΙ = '''Χ𐅅ΗΗΗΗ𐅄ΔΔΔΙΙ'''
* 62708 = 60000 + 2000 + 700 + 8 = 𐅇Μ + ΧΧ + 𐅅ΗΗ + ΠΙΙΙ = '''𐅇ΜΧΧ𐅅ΗΗΠΙΙΙ'''.
<!--
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left:10px; border: 1px #999 solid;" width=480px;
|+ The acrophonic numerals in comparison to the Roman numeral system.

|-
! height=50px | Ι
! <big>Π</big>
! <big>Δ</big>
! 𐅄
! <big>Η</big>
! 𐅅
! <big>Χ</big>
! 𐅆
! <big>Μ</big>

|-
|rowspan="2"|   1
|rowspan="2"|   5
|rowspan="2"|  10
| <small><span style="line-height:100%"> 5 <br> × <br> 10</span></small>
|rowspan="2"| 100
| <small><span style="line-height:100%"> 5 <br> × <br> 100</span></small>
|rowspan="2"|1000
| <small><span style="line-height:100%"> 5 <br> × <br> 1000</span></small>
|           10000

|-
| 50
| 500
| <small><span style="line-height:100%"> 1000 <br> × <br>  5</span></small>
| <small><span style="line-height:100%"> 1000 <br> × <br> 10</span></small>

|-
! width=10% height=50px | <big>I</big>
! width=10% | <big>V</big>
! width=10% | <big>X</big>
! width=10% | <big>L</big>
! width=10% | <big>C</big>
! width=10% | <big>D</big>
! width=10% | <big>M</big>
! width=10% |<big><span style="text-decoration:overline;">V</span></big>
! width=10% |<big><span style="text-decoration:overline;">X</span></big>

|-
|}-->