Editing Augustus (section)

== Name ==
As a consequence of [[Roman naming conventions|Roman customs]], society, and personal preference, Augustus ({{IPAc-en|ɔː|ˈ|ɡ|ʌ|s|t|ə|s|}} {{Respell|aw|GUST|əs|}}) was known by many names throughout his life:
* '''{{langr|la|Gaius Octavius}}''': ({{IPAc-en|ɒ|k|ˈ|t|eɪ|v|i|ə|s}} {{Respell|ok|TAY|vee|əs}}; {{IPA|la|ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs|lang}}). According to [[Suetonius]], the [[cognomen]] '''{{langr|la|Thurinus}}''' ({{IPA|la|tʰuːˈriːnʊs|lang}}, 'of [[Thurii]]') was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Luke|2015|pages=242–266}}{{Efn|[[Cassius Dio]] instead gives him the name '''{{langr|la|Caepias}}''',{{sfn|Cassius Dio||loc=''Book 45'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/cassius_dio/45*.html#1 1]}} probably a corruption of "Caesar".}} Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival [[Mark Antony]] referred to him as {{lang|la|Thurinus}} in order to belittle him.{{sfn|Fratantuono|2016|pages=xviii–xix, 154–155 (endnotes 3 & 6)}} In what classicist Lee Fratantuono calls a "calm response" to Antony's provocation, Octavian merely said he was surprised that using his old name should be an insult.{{sfn|Fratantuono|2016|page=155 (endnote 6)}}{{efn|For more information, refer to {{harvtxt|Suetonius||loc=''Augustus'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#7 7]}}}}
* '''{{langr|la|Gaius Julius Caesar}}''' ({{langr|la|Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus}}): After his adoption by [[Julius Caesar]] on the latter's death in 44&nbsp;BC, he took Caesar's [[Nomen gentilicium|nomen]] and cognomen.{{sfn|Bringmann|2007|page=283}}{{sfn|Levick|2009|page=209}}{{sfn|Shotter|2005|p=1}} He was often distinguished by historians from his adoptive father by the addition {{lang|la|Octavianus}} ({{IPA|la|ɔktaːwiˈaːnʊs|lang}}) after the name, denoting that he was a former member of the [[gens Octavia]] in conformance with [[Roman naming conventions#Adoptive cognomina|Roman naming conventions]]. There is no evidence that Augustus did this himself,{{sfn|Fratantuono|2016|pages=xviii–xix, 154–155 (endnote 3)}} although [[Cicero]] seems to have ([[Augustus#Heir to Caesar|see below]]). In English he is mainly known by the [[anglicisation]] "Octavian" ({{IPAc-en|ɒ|k|ˈ|t|eɪ|v|i|ə|n}} {{Respell|ok|TAY|vee|ən}}) for the period between 44 and 27&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Shelton|1998|page=58}}
* '''{{langr|la|Imperator Caesar}}''' ('Commander-in-Chief Caesar'): Octavian's early coins and inscriptions all refer to him simply as Gaius Caesar, but by 38&nbsp;BC he had replaced {{lang|la|Gaius}} with the victory title {{lang|la|[[imperator]]}} 'commander'.{{sfn|Hammond|1957|page=[[iarchive:memoirsofamerica25ameruoft/page/20|21]] n. 1}}{{Sfn|Syme|1958|pages=176, 179, 181–183, 185}} The use of {{lang|la|imperator}} signified a permanent link to the Roman tradition of victory.{{sfn|Fishwick|2004|p=250}}{{efn|He was first proclaimed {{lang|la|imperator}} on 16 April 43&nbsp;BC, after the [[Battle of Forum Gallorum]].{{sfn|Fishwick|2004|p=250}}}} He transformed {{lang|la|Caesar}}, a cognomen for one branch of the [[Julia gens|Julian family]], into a new family line that began with him.{{Sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|page=50}} Occasionally the epithet {{lang|la|[[divi filius]]}} or {{lang|la|divi Iuli(i) filius}} 'son of the divine Julius' was included, alluding to Julius Caesar's deification in 42&nbsp;BC.{{Sfn|Syme|1958|pages=175, 179}}{{sfn|Hammond|1957|page=21}}
* '''{{langr|la|Imperator Caesar Augustus}}''' (Imperator Caesar divi filius Augustus):{{sfn|Hammond|1957|pages=21, 55}} On 16 January 27&nbsp;BC, in recognition of his perceived accomplishments,{{sfn|Shotter|2005|p=1}} the Roman Senate granted him the honorific {{lang|la|[[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]}} ({{IPA|la|au̯ˈɡʊstʊs|lang}}), 'the revered'.{{sfn|Bringmann|2007|pages=304, 307}}{{efn|For a similar translation, see {{harvtxt|Eder|2005|page=13}}, who translates the name Augustus as "The Revered One."}} Historians use this name to refer to him from 27&nbsp;BC until his death in AD&nbsp;14.{{sfn|Galinsky|2005|pages=7–8}} The name is sometimes given as Augustus Caesar.{{sfn|Shotter|2005|p=1}}{{sfn|Rattini|2019|}}